Tito and His Partisan Army: Yugoslavia, 1941-45 Rulebook

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

• Read This First
  • How to Learn to Play the Game
• 1.0 Introduction
• 2.0 Game Equipment
  • 2.1 The Game-Map and Charts
  • 2.2 The Playing Pieces
  • 2.3 Parts Inventory
• 3.0 Glossary
• 4.0 Sequence of Play
  • 4.1 The Game-Turn
  • 4.2 Game-Turn Sequence Outline
• 5.0 The Game Map
  • 5.1 Occupation Zones
  • 5.2 Occupation Zone Displays
  • 5.3 Objective Displays
  • 5.4 Neutral Chetnik Boxes
• 6.0 Movement
  • 6.1 How To Move A Unit
  • 6.2 Stacking Restrictions
  • 6.3 Axis Movement Restrictions
  • 6.4 Yugoslav Movement Restrictions
  • 6.5 Islands
  • 6.6 Occupation Zone Movement Restrictions
  • 6.7 Occupation Zone Table
• 7.0 Guerrilla Units
  • 7.1 Partisans
  • 7.2 Chetniks
  • 7.3 Guerrilla Movement And Combat Restrictions
  • 7.4 Guerrilla Reinforcements
  • 7.5 Guerrilla Uprisings
  • 7.6 Maximum Size Of Guerrilla Units
• 8.0 Combat
  • 8.1 How Combat Occurs
  • 8.2 How To Resolve Combat
  • 8.3 Effects Of Terrain On Combat
  • 8.4 Anti-Guerrilla Operations
  • 8.5 Intrinsic Defense Strengths Of Axis Towns And Cities
  • 8.6 Combat Results Table
• 9.0 Tito
  • 9.1 Movement of Tito
  • 9.2 Tito And Combat
  • 9.3 Tito And Yugoslav Reinforcements And Victory Points
  • 9.4 Identifying And Attacking Tito
• 10.0 Italian Units And Allied Progress
  • 10.1 Allied Progress
  • 10.2 Italian Pullbacks And Withdrawals
  • 10.3 Italian Surrender And Operation Konstantin
• 11.0 Weather
  • 11.1 Winter
  • 11.2 Drought
• 12.0 Mountain Units
• 13.0 Reinforcements, Replacements, Transfers, and Upgrading
  • 13.1 Axis Reinforcements
  • 13.2 Yugoslav Reinforcements
  • 13.3 Axis Reinforcements Triggered By Events
  • 13.4 Yugoslav Variable Guerrilla Reinforcements
  • 13.5 Axis Replacements
  • 13.6 Yugoslav Guerrilla Replacements
  • 13.7 Transferring Units
  • 13.8 Upgrading Axis Units
  • 13.9 Reinforcement, Transfer, And Upgrading Schedule
  • 13.92 Yugoslav
• 14.0 Yugoslav Victory Points
  • 14.1 How Yugoslav Victory Points Are Recorded
  • 14.2 How The Yugoslav Player Accumulates Victory Points
  • 14.3 How The Yugoslav Player Loses Victory Points
  • 14.4 Events Triggered By Yugoslav Victory Points
• 15.0 How to Start and Win the Game
  • 15.1 Axis Set-Up
  • 15.2 Yugoslav Set-Up
  • 15.3 Axis Anti-Guerrilla Limitations
  • 15.4 Special Rules (Game-Turns One and Two Only)
  • 15.5 How to Win the Game
• 16.0 Addenda
• 17.0 Designer's Notes

Read This First

The rules of this SPI simulation game are organized in a format known as the Case System. This system of organization divides the rules into Major Sections (each of which deals with an important aspect of play). These Sections are numbered sequentially as well as being named. Each of these Major Sections is introduced by a General Rule, which briefly describes the subject of the Section. Many times this General Rule is followed by a Procedure which describes the basic action the Player will take when using the rules in that Section. Finally, the bulk of each Major Section consists of Cases. These are the specific, detailed rules that actually regulate play. Each of these Cases is also numbered. The numbering follows a logical system based upon the number of the Major Section of which the Cases are a part. A Case with the number 6.5, for example, is the fifth Primary Case of the sixth Major Section of the rules. Many times these Primary Cases are further subdivided into Secondary Cases. A Secondary Case is recognizable by the fact that it has two digits to the right of its decimal point. Each Major Section can have as many as nine Primary Cases and each Primary Case can have as many as nine Secondary Cases. The numbering system is meant as an organizational aid. Using it, Players can always easily tell where a Case is located in the rules. As a further aid, an outline of the Major Sections and Primary Cases is given at the beginning of the rules.

How to Learn to Play the Game

Familiarize yourself with all of the components. Read all of the General Rules and Procedures and read the titles of the Primary Cases. Set up the game for play (after reading the pertinent Section) and play a trial game against yourself referring to the rules only when you have a question. This procedure may take you a few hours, but it is the fastest and most entertaining way to learn the rules short of having a friend teach them to you. You should not attempt to learn the rules word-for-word. Memorizing all that detail is a task of which few of us are capable. SPI rules are written to be as complete as possible — they're not designed to be memorized. The Case numbering system makes it easy to look up rules when you are in doubt. Absorbing the rules in this manner (as you play) is a much better approach to game mastery than attempting to study them as if cramming for a test.

1.0 Introduction

Tito is a simulation of guerrilla warfare in the Balkans during the Second World War. The game portrays all of the elements of this dynamic partisan campaign, which successfully tied down large numbers of Axis troops on occupation duties and eventually helped liberate Yugoslavia and Albania from Axis domination.

2.0 Game Equipment

2.1 The Game-Map and Charts

The map is a 22-by-34-inch representation of Yugoslavia and most of Albania during the Second World War. Various charts and visual aids are printed on the map as an aid to play.

2.2 The Playing Pieces

The cardboard pieces (called "counters") represent the actual military units that participated in the campaign. Each counter contains certain information that is vital to the play of the game.

2.21 How to Read the Counters. Each counter mix includes forces from various European nationalities. Each nationality is portrayed by a color unique to that force.

2.22 Sample Units. The printed sample counters label each unit with its Designation, Size, Combat Strength and Type. Guerrilla groups possess no unit-size symbol; their reverse side may represent a different organizational size.

2.23 Summary of Unit Types. The printed summary shows these counter types:

Combat:

• Infantry (Italian)
• Infantry (Partisan)
• Mechanized Infantry
• Mountain Infantry
• Panzer
• Cavalry
• Parachute
• Tito (Not Identified)
• Tito (Identified)
• Partisan Group
• Partisan Brigade

Markers:

• Victory Points (+) ×1
• Victory Points (-) ×1
• Allied Progress
• Game Turn
• Drought Turn
• Anti-Guerrilla Operations (8 AGO)

Nationality colors: German, Serbian, Italian, Croat, Bulgarian, Soviet, Partisan, and Chetnik.

The front and reverse side of certain units are sometimes employed for entirely different purposes in terms of the game.

2.24 Unit Size Symbols. A unit's size plays an important role in the game: II = Battalion; III = Regiment; X = Brigade; XX = Division; and XXX = Corps. Guerrilla groups possess no size symbol.

2.3 Parts Inventory

• one 22-by-34-inch map;
• one 200-counter die-cut counter sheet;
• one 12-page rules booklet;
• one six-sided die (not included in the S&T edition); and
• one game-box assembly (not included in the S&T edition).

Historical note: The original booklet directed owners to SPI's Rules Questions Editor and Complaint Card for replacement parts and rules questions. Those services and the printed New York mailing address are preserved in the source scan but are no longer active.

3.0 Glossary

Anti-Guerrilla Operation. A special form of combat that allows Axis units to enter Yugoslav Mountains and Hide-aways and attack at more advantageous ratios.

Axis. The Axis Player controls German, Italian, Croat, Serbian, Bulgarian (before Game-Turn 15), and sometimes Chetnik units.

Combat Strength. A quantification of a unit's strength in attack and defense.

Guerrilla. A Partisan or Chetnik unit.

Objective Display. A rectangle, divided into two boxes of equal size, representing key cities, towns, market towns, villages, and industrial sites.

Occupation Zone. One of the 12 areas representing the historical zones delineated by the Axis High Command in 1941.

Yugoslav. The Yugoslav Player controls Partisan, Soviet, Bulgarian (after Game-Turn 14), and sometimes Chetnik units.

Zone Display. A collection of three triangles ("Mountain triangles") and three circles ("Hide-away circles") belonging to one Occupation Zone.

4.0 Sequence of Play

4.1 The Game-Turn

Each game is played in seventeen Game-Turns, each of which consists of two Player-Turns (one Yugoslav and the other Axis) plus three independent Stages. The Player whose Player-Turn is in progress is termed the Phasing Player. On Game-Turn 1, the game begins with the Yugoslav Player-Turn (the Special Events Stage is skipped). On Game-Turn 17, the game ends at the conclusion of the Victory Point Stage (the Axis Player-Turn and Terminal Stage are skipped).

4.2 Game-Turn Sequence Outline

Each Game-Turn must proceed strictly in the order outlined below.

A. Special Events Stage

1. Allied Progress Phase (Game-Turn 6 and after): The Yugoslav Player rolls one die and applies the result to the Allied Progress Track (see 10.1).
2. Weather Phase (Game-Turns 2, 6, 10, and 14): The Yugoslav Player rolls a single die to determine whether drought is created in the current and three successive Game-Turns (see 11.2).
3. Tito Phase (when eligible, through Game-Turn 14): The Axis Player rolls a single die to identify or locate Tito (see 9.41).
4. Axis Reinforcement Phase: Axis reinforcements and replacements are placed on the map. Units are also upgraded and transfers may take place (see 13.0).
5. Chetnik Collaboration Phase (Game-Turns 2 through 17): The Yugoslav Player rolls a single die for each Chetnik-occupied box, triangle, or circle to determine whether the Chetniks become pro-Yugoslav, pro-Axis, or neutral (see 7.2). During Game-Turns 9 through 13, the Yugoslav Player also determines whether Allied Support Withdrawal has occurred (see 7.26).
6. Italian Surrender Phase: Italian units disband, defect, or remain in place during the Game-Turn of Italian Surrender. Operation Konstantin also takes place (see 10.3 and 10.36).
7. Axis Anti-Guerrilla Operations Phase (Game-Turns 3 through 14; see 8.4):
   • Planning Segment: The Axis Player declares zero, one, or two Anti-Guerrilla Operations. For each declared operation, the target Zone is secretly recorded and up to 7 divisions are chosen to participate.
   • Yugoslav Reaction Segment: The Yugoslav Player rolls one die; the result is the number of Yugoslav units that may conduct a bonus Movement Phase.
   • Deployment Segment: Participating Axis units are placed in the Mountains and/or Hide-aways of the target Zone.

B. Yugoslav Player-Turn

1. Movement Phase: The Yugoslav Player may move all eligible units (see 6.4) and receives predetermined reinforcements.
2. Combat Phase: The Yugoslav Player attacks Axis units occupying corresponding locations in Objective or Zone Displays (see 8.0).

C. Victory Point Stage

The Yugoslav Player accumulates or deducts Victory Points according to Section 14.0.

D. Axis Player-Turn

1. Movement Phase: The Axis Player may move all eligible units (see 6.3).
2. Combat Phase: The Axis Player attacks Yugoslav units occupying corresponding locations in Objective or Zone Displays (see 8.0).

E. Terminal Stage

1. Guerrilla Reinforcement Phase:
   • Recruitment Segment: Deploy guerrilla reinforcements created by the occupation of Objective or Zone Displays (see 7.43).
   • Tito Segment: Deploy Partisan reinforcements created by Tito's presence in a Zone (see 7.46).
   • Uprising Segment: From Game-Turn 3 onward, deploy guerrilla reinforcements created by successful Guerrilla Uprisings (see 7.47).
2. Guerrilla Status Phase: Determine whether Partisan and/or Chetnik units have achieved brigade or division strength (see 7.6).
3. Axis Anti-Guerrilla Operations Redeployment Phase: Return Axis units that participated in Anti-Guerrilla Operations to the map (see 8.47).
4. Game-Turn Indication Phase: Advance the Game-Turn marker one space on the Turn Record Track.

5.0 The Game Map

General Rule: The Tito map is a representation of Yugoslavia and most of Albania during the Second World War. The map is divided into 12 Occupation Zones (hereafter referred to as "Zones"), each of which portrays cities, towns, market towns, villages, and industrial sites. Each Zone bears the name of a Balkan region. Note: Occupation Zone borders do not correspond exactly with historical provincial borders. The name of each Zone is used only for the Players' convenience.

5.1 Occupation Zones

There are 12 Zones on the map: Albania, Baranya, Bosnia, Carinthia, Croatia, Dalmatia, the "Islands," Istria, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.

5.2 Occupation Zone Displays

Each Zone contains a single Occupation Zone Display, subdivided into three triangles and three circles. The triangles are called Mountains and the circles are called Hide-aways. The left-hand-most triangle and circle are meant for the deployment of Yugoslav Partisan units. The middle triangle and circle are meant for the deployment of Axis units. The right-hand-most triangle and circle are meant for the deployment of Yugoslav Chetnik units. Note that each triangle and circle is portrayed in a color unique to the nationality of the units that may be deployed in it. If two triangles or two circles physically touch one another, they are called corresponding.

Each Occupation Zone name is followed by three Values. The first is the Garrison Value. The second (a letter) is the Zone's Alignment Value. The third is the Uprising Modifier (see 7.5). (Printed example on the map: Serbia 4C2.)

5.3 Objective Displays

Each Zone possesses a number of Objective Displays. An Objective Display is simply a rectangle, sub-divided into two boxes of equal size. The left-hand box is meant for the deployment of Yugoslav units — either Partisan or Chetnik, but never both at the same time (this box is printed half in the Partisan color and half in the Chetnik color). The right-hand box is meant for the deployment of Axis units and is colored accordingly. The name of the Display and its terrain type (either city, town, market town, village, or industrial center) is printed across the top of the rectangle. In addition, each Display portrays two Values in the Axis box. These are the Yugoslav Recruitment Value and the Yugoslav Victory Point Value, in that order. The Yugoslav and Axis boxes within a given Objective Display are called corresponding boxes.

5.4 Neutral Chetnik Boxes

All Zones possess a Neutral Chetnik box. During the Chetnik Collaboration Phase, Chetnik units that have become neutral are placed within this box signifying that they are controlled by neither Player (see 7.2).

6.0 Movement

General Rule: After their deployment on the map, Axis and Yugoslav units may move either within the Zone they currently occupy or from one Zone to an adjacent Zone. At all times during the game, units on the map must occupy either the Zone Display or an Objective Display. Exception: See 5.4.

6.1 How To Move A Unit

Procedure: During a Movement Phase, the Phasing Player may move his units in any order he wishes. Eligible units are moved individually; once a Player begins to move a given unit, he must complete its movement before any other unit is moved. During a Movement Phase, all, some, or none of a Player's units may be moved.

• 6.11 If a Player wishes to move a unit, he may move it within the Zone it currently occupies or to any adjacent Zone. An "adjacent" Zone is any Zone with a common border of any length with the Zone currently occupied by a unit.
• 6.12 Within a given Zone, a unit must occupy the Zone Display or any of that Zone's Objective Displays.
• 6.13 If a unit is positioned in a Zone Display, it must be deployed into either the Mountains or the Hide-away. In addition, the unit must be positioned in a box analogous to its nationality (e.g., Yugoslav/Partisan).
• 6.14 If a unit is positioned in an Objective Display, it must be deployed in the box analogous to its type (e.g., Axis).
• 6.15 A Yugoslav unit may never be placed in an Axis box, circle, or triangle and vice versa. However, the presence of an Enemy unit in a corresponding location has no effect on a unit's movement capability.
• 6.16 When moving within a Zone, a unit may be placed in any of that Zone's Objective Displays or the Zone Display. Exception: See 6.34.

6.2 Stacking Restrictions

• 6.21 No box, circle, or triangle may ever contain more than seven divisions or their equivalent at the end of a Movement Phase (see 6.22).
• 6.22 A battalion is considered one-sixth of a division, a regiment is considered two-sixths (i.e., one-third) of a division, and a brigade is considered three-sixths (i.e., one-half) of a division. Thus, if a battalion, regiment, and brigade occupied the same location, this would be considered the equivalent of one division. All Soviet corps are considered the equivalents to divisions.
• 6.23 Units of different nationalities may stack in the same location as long as they are friendly to each other (see 3.0). Enemy units and Partisan and Chetnik units may never stack together.
• 6.24 Guerrilla groups (see 7.6) are stacked in boxes, circles, or triangles for "free." An unlimited number of these units may occupy the same location.

6.3 Axis Movement Restrictions

• 6.31 Axis units are permitted to move three contiguous Zones per Axis Movement Phase. Exception: See 6.32. Example: An Axis unit in Baranya could move to Serbia or Bosnia. Assuming it moves to Bosnia, it could then enter Carinthia, Croatia, or Serbia. Assuming it enters Carinthia, it could complete its movement by entering Istria, Slovenia, or Croatia.
• 6.32 Pro-Axis Chetnik units (see 7.2) are moved exactly like Yugoslav units (see 6.4).
• 6.33 When the final Zone an Axis unit enters in a Movement Phase has been decided upon, the unit must be positioned in the Zone Display or any Objective Display of that Zone.
• 6.34 Axis units may never enter a Hide-away of a Zone Display except when on Anti-Guerrilla Operations (see 8.4.)

6.4 Yugoslav Movement Restrictions

• 6.41 All Yugoslav units (including Tito, Partisan, pro-Yugoslav Chetnik, Soviet, and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian units) are permitted to move within the Zone they currently occupy or to any adjacent Zone during each Yugoslav Movement Phase. Example: A Partisan unit occupying Macedonia could move within Macedonia or to Montenegro or Serbia.
• 6.42 When a Yugoslav unit enters a Zone during the Yugoslav Movement Phase, it must end this Movement Phase in the Mountains or the Hide-away of the Zone Display — it may not move directly into an Objective Display. Exceptions: See 6.43 and 10.36. Example: A Yugoslav unit moving from Macedonia into Serbia must end the Movement Phase in the Mountains or Hide-away of the Serbian Zone Display. It could not move directly into a Serbian Objective Display.
• 6.43 Soviet and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian units are not subject to the restrictions of Case 6.42. When such a unit enters a Zone, it may be positioned in the Zone Display or any of the Zone's Objective Displays. However, note that Soviet and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian units are subject to specific movement restrictions (see 6.65).
• 6.44 Soviet and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian units should be considered Partisan units for movement and combat purposes. When occupying a Zone Display, they must stack in the Yugoslav/Partisan triangles or circles. They may stack freely with Partisan units and may participate in combat with them without restriction. Soviet and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian units, however, may never stack with Chetnik units.

6.5 Islands

A unit may enter the Islands Zone only from Istria, Slovenia, Croatia, or Dalmatia. The Islands Zone consists only of a single Zone Display — it does not possess any Objective Displays.

6.6 Occupation Zone Movement Restrictions

Units of different nationalities may be restricted in the Zones that they may enter or move through during the course of the game. If a unit is prohibited from entering a given Zone, it is also prohibited from retreating after combat into that Zone. For a summary of these restrictions, see the Occupation Zone Table (6.7).

• 6.61 Between Game-Turns 1 and 14 (inclusive), Partisan and Chetnik units may enter any Zone on the map except Carinthia and Baranya. Exception: See 6.63. Starting with Game-Turn 15, they may enter any Zone on the map.
• 6.62 Each Axis nationality has a "sphere of influence" limited to the Zones listed below. An Axis unit may never enter a Zone outside of its sphere of influence. Exception: See 6.64 and 6.66. However, beginning with Game-Turn 15, all movement restrictions are lifted for German units — they may enter any Zone on the map.
  • A. German: Serbia, Bosnia;
  • B. Italian: Albania, Croatia, Dalmatia, Islands, Istria, Montenegro, Slovenia;
  • C. Bulgarian: Macedonia (see also 6.65);
  • D. Croatian: Bosnia, Croatia (see also 6.66);
  • E. Serbian: Serbia;
  • F. Pro-Axis Chetnik: See Case 6.61.
• 6.63 On Game-Turns 1 and 2, all units of both Players must remain in the Zone in which they started the game or in which they entered the game as reinforcements.
• 6.64 During all Axis Movement Phases following the Game-Turn in which the Yugoslav Player first accumulates 45 Victory Points (or in which the first Yugoslav brigade has been placed on the map), the following movement restrictions are lifted:
  • A. German units may enter all Zones in the Italian sphere of influence;
  • B. Up to three Italian divisions may enter Serbia or Bosnia on an Anti-Guerrilla Operation (see 8.4), but not if an Italian Pullback has occurred (see 10.2). However, if Italian units participate in an Anti-Guerrilla Operation in Serbia or Bosnia, they must redeploy into Croatia (where they are considered part of the Axis garrison; see 7.5).
  • C. The Bulgarian 25th and 27th Divisions may enter any Objective Display in Serbia labeled with a "Bulgarian Occupation" in the Axis box. In addition, these units may participate in an Anti-Guerrilla Operation in Serbia, but are obligated to redeploy after the Operation into a box labeled with a "Bulgarian Occupation."

6.7 Occupation Zone Table

The Occupation Zone Table is printed on the map sheet ("see mapsheet" in the source rules) and is not reproduced in this rulebook text.

7.0 Guerrilla Units

General Rule: Throughout the game, the Yugoslav Player controls three types of units: guerrillas, Soviets, and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian units. Soviet and Bulgarian units are available only as reinforcements on Game-Turn 15. Thus, from Game-Turns 1 through 14, the Yugoslav Player controls only guerrilla units. Guerrilla units are of two types: Partisan (those guerrillas controlled by Tito) and pro-Yugoslav Chetnik (Serbian royalists). It is possible that Chetnik units will be pro-Yugoslav, pro-Axis, or neutral (see 7.2). Guerrilla units come in three sizes: groups, brigades, and Partisan divisions. However, there are specific restrictions concerning the time in which brigades and divisions may be first created by the Yugoslav Player. At the beginning of the game, all guerrilla units operate in groups.

7.1 Partisans

Partisan units (including the Tito counter) are always under the control of the Yugoslav Player.

7.2 Chetniks

• 7.21 During each Chetnik Collaboration Phase between Game-Turns 2 (inclusive) and the Game-Turn in which Allied Support Withdrawal takes place (exclusive; see 7.26), the Yugoslav Player must roll a single die for each box, triangle, or circle currently occupied by at least one Chetnik unit (including the Neutral Chetnik boxes):
  • A. If the die roll is 2 or less, the Chetnik units become (or remain) pro-Axis (see 7.24);
  • B. If the die roll is 3 or 4, the Chetnik units become (or remain) neutral (see 7.24);
  • C. If the die roll is 5 or more, the Chetnik units become (or remain) pro-Yugoslav (see 7.24).
• 7.22 During each Chetnik Collaboration Phase between the Game-Turn in which Allied Support Withdrawal (inclusive) takes place and the end of the game (inclusive), the Yugoslav Player must roll a single die for each box, triangle, or circle currently occupied by at least one Chetnik unit:
  • A. If the die roll is 2 or less, the Chetnik units become (or remain) pro-Axis (see 7.24);
  • B. If the die roll is 3 through 6, the Chetnik units disband (they are immediately removed from the map);
  • C. If the die roll is 7 or more, the Chetniks become Partisan. They are immediately replaced by an equal number and type of Partisan units, which are placed in the Yugoslav/Partisan Mountain of the occupied Zone. If an equal number and type of Partisan units are not available for use, the Chetniks are considered disbanded (see 7.22B).
• 7.23 The following modifiers are applied to all Chetnik Collaboration die rolls (all modifiers are cumulative):
  • A. +1: If the Chetnik stack is currently pro-Yugoslav;
  • B. +1: If an Italian Surrender has taken place (see 10.3);
  • C. +1: In all Game-Turns after and including the Game-Turn in which Allied Support Withdrawal takes place (see 7.26);

7.3 Guerrilla Movement And Combat Restrictions

• 7.31 Partisan and pro-Yugoslav Chetnik units may never occupy the same box, triangle, or circle. They may never participate in an attack together and may never be attacked as a combined force.
• 7.32 Pro-Axis Chetnik units may stack freely with other Axis units. When stacked with Axis units that are performing combat, they must participate. Exception: See 7.33.
• 7.33 Pro-Yugoslav Chetnik and pro-Axis Chetnik units may never perform combat against one another. Pro-Axis Chetnik units are ignored when stacked with Axis units that are performing combat against pro-Yugoslav Chetniks. Pro-Yugoslav Chetniks may attack Axis units stacked with pro-Axis Chetniks (although the pro-Axis Chetniks are ignored in the attack).

7.4 Guerrilla Reinforcements

During the course of the game, new guerrilla units may be created through pre-determined reinforcements or variable reinforcements.

• 7.41 The Yugoslav Player receives predetermined Partisan reinforcements (including Tito) at the beginning of the Yugoslav Movement Phase of Game-Turn 2. These units are placed according to the instructions of Case 13.92.

• 7.42 During all Guerrilla Reinforcement Phases, the Yugoslav Player must determine if variable reinforcements are available. In each of the 12 Zones, the Yugoslav Player must determine if reinforcements are available through recruitment (see 7.43), due to Tito (see 7.46), or through a Guerrilla Uprising (see 7.47). Reinforcements are expressed in groups (see 7.6) of Partisans and/or Chetniks.

• 7.43 There are two means by which the Yugoslav Player can obtain reinforcements through recruitment: by occupying an Objective Display (see 7.44) or by occupying a Mountain triangle (see 7.45). Note that recruitment may be affected by Tito's removal from the map or his elimination (see 9.32) or by weather (see 11.0).

• 7.44 Each Objective Display currently occupied by at least one Yugoslav unit (including Soviets and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarians) is eligible for recruitment during the Recruitment Segment. In order to determine the number of groups created due to a Yugoslav-occupied Display, the Yugoslav Player rolls a single die and multiplies this die roll by the Display's Recruitment Value (round down if a fraction is created). The result is the number of reinforcing groups created. These reinforcements are Partisan if the Display is currently occupied by a Partisan (or Soviet or pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian) stack, or Chetnik if the Display is currently occupied by a Chetnik stack. The number of reinforcements created on a Display is subject to the following modifications:

  • A. No more reinforcing groups may be created than the number of Yugoslav Strength Points currently occupying the Display;
  • B. If a drought is in effect (see 11.2), the number of groups created in market town Objective Displays is halved (round fractions down);
  • C. If a Winter Game-Turn is in effect (see 11.1), the number of groups created in village Objective Displays is halved (round fractions down);

7.5 Guerrilla Uprisings

A Guerrilla Uprising may take place within a Zone if the Axis garrison falls below the minimum strength required to keep the Zone pacified. On the map, the name of each Zone is followed by three Values. The first is the Garrison Value, the Second (a letter) is the Alignment Value, and the third is the Uprising Modifier.

• 7.51 If, at the beginning of the Uprising Segment of all Game-Turns between 3 and 17 (inclusive), the Axis Player currently has fewer divisions (or their equivalents; see 6.22) within a Zone than that Zone's Garrison Value, a Guerrilla Uprising automatically takes place.
• 7.52 In each Zone in which a Guerrilla Uprising takes place, the Yugoslav Player immediately rolls a single die. The Zone's Uprising Modifier is immediately subtracted from this die roll. A modified die roll of 1 or more indicates a successful Guerrilla Uprising (see 7.53). A modified die roll of less than 1 indicates an unsuccessful Guerrilla Uprising. If a Guerrilla Uprising is unsuccessful, nothing further is done.
• 7.53 If a Guerrilla Uprising is successful, the following procedure is performed:
  • A. The Axis Player determines the difference between the Garrison Value of the Zone and the actual number of divisions currently occupying this Zone (drop fractions of divisions);
  • B. The figure determined in Step A is multiplied by the Yugoslav Player's original modified die roll which created the successful uprising (see 7.52). This product is the number of reinforcing groups created as a result of the uprising;
  • C. The Yugoslav Player rolls a single die and compares this roll with the Zone's Alignment Value (either P - Partisan; or C - Chetnik; or N - Neutral). If an even number is rolled, all of the reinforcing groups created as a result of the uprising are of the same type as the Zone's alignment. If the Zone is neutral, no die roll is necessary and half the groups are Partisan (round fractions up) and the other half are Chetnik. If an odd number is rolled, half the reinforcing groups are Partisan (round fractions up) and the other half are Chetnik, regardless of the Alignment Value of the Zone.
• 7.54 Axis units on an Anti-Guerrilla Operation within a Zone (see 8.4) may be fully counted as part of that Zone's garrison, even though they are not currently deployed on the map.
• 7.55 No Guerrilla Uprisings may take place if there are no guerrilla units on the map.

Example of Guerrilla Uprising: In Bosnia, the Axis Player has nine Croat brigades. This is equal to 4½ divisions — below Bosnia's Garrison Value of 6. Thus, a Guerrilla Uprising takes place. The Yugoslav Player rolls a single die and obtains a 2. Bosnia's Uprising Modifier is 1, so the modified die roll is 1 — a successful uprising. The Axis Player is two divisions short of the Garrison Value, so a 2 multiplied by 1 yields 2. The Yugoslav Player again rolls the die, obtaining a 4 (even). Thus, the two reinforcing guerrilla groups created in Bosnia are both Partisan (Bosnia's Alignment Value is P). These groups are placed in the Partisan Hide-away in Bosnia.

7.6 Maximum Size Of Guerrilla Units

Guerrilla units come in three sizes: groups, brigades, and divisions (Partisan only). Brigades and divisions are created from smaller guerrilla units. When creating brigades and divisions, any unused brigade or division counter may be employed.

• 7.61 At the beginning of the game and in all succeeding Game-Turns until brigade-strength is achieved (see 7.62), the maximum size of any guerrilla unit on the map is the group.

• 7.62 At the end of each Guerrilla Status Phase, the Yugoslav Player should total the number of Partisan and the number of Chetnik groups currently on the map:

  • A. If there are 30 Partisan groups on the map at this time, the Yugoslav Player has achieved brigade-strength for the Partisans;
  • B. If there are 25 Chetnik groups of any allegiance on the map at this time, the Yugoslav Player has achieved brigade-strength for the Chetniks.

  Note: There are 30 and 25 Partisan and Chetnik groups provided in the counter mix, respectively. Thus, when all of the groups of a particular guerrilla type are on the map, brigade-strength has been achieved for that type.

  If the Partisans (or Chetniks) have achieved brigade-strength, the Yugoslav Player may build Partisan (or Chetnik) groups into brigades, subject to the restrictions of Cases 7.64 and 7.67:

• 7.63

  • A. Immediately (and in every succeeding Guerrilla Status Phase), the Yugoslav Player may create brigades from groups of the same guerrilla type that currently occupy the same box, triangle or circle. 3 groups are the equivalent of 1 brigade. In each Guerrilla Status Phase, the Yugoslav Player may perform as many of these substitutions as he desires. Substituted units are removed from the map and replaced by an unused brigade counter. No larger unit may be created in a Hide-away.
  • B. In ensuing Guerrilla Reinforcement Phases, the Yugoslav Player may bring reinforcing Partisan or Chetnik groups onto the map in brigade size. 3 groups are the equivalent of 1 brigade. Example: If in Zagreb the Yugoslav Player were due 7 Partisan groups as reinforcements, 2 brigades and 1 group, or 1 brigade and 4 groups, or simply 7 groups could be deployed.

8.0 Combat

General Rule: Each unit in the game possesses a Combat Strength (or simply "Strength") expressed in points, which is employed when attacking or defending. Only opposing units occupying corresponding boxes, triangles, or circles may participate in combat. Combat is mandatory between opposing units in corresponding Objective Display boxes and voluntary between opposing units in corresponding Mountain or Hide-away triangles or circles. Only the Phasing Player may initiate combats. If a combat is initiated, the Phasing Player is the attacker and the non-Phasing Player is the defender. Combat results will obligate the losing Player to lose Strength Points and/or retreat his units. The outcome of a combat may be influenced by terrain.

8.1 How Combat Occurs

• 8.11 Combat may occur only under the following circumstances:
  • A. Opposing units occupy corresponding boxes of an Objective Display (see 5.3). In this situation, the Phasing Player must initiate combat during his Combat Phase;
  • B. Opposing units occupy corresponding Mountain triangles on a given Zone Display (see 5.2). Combat is voluntary in this situation; i.e., the Phasing Player is not obligated to initiate it during his Combat Phase;
  • C. Opposing units occupy corresponding Hide-away circles on a given Zone Display (see 5.2). Combat is voluntary in this situation; i.e., the Phasing Player is not obligated to initiate it during his Combat Phase. Note: Axis units may only enter Hide-away boxes on Anti-Guerrilla Operations; see 8.44.
• 8.12 If the Phasing Player has initiated a combat within an Objective or Zone Display, all of both Players' units occupying these corresponding boxes, triangles, or circles must participate. Exceptions: See 7.33, 8.25, and 8.48. No units may be voluntarily withheld from this combat.
• 8.13 No unit may attack more than once per Combat Phase and no unit may be attacked more than once per Combat Phase. If an Axis stack in a Mountain or Hide-away has Partisan and Chetnik units in corresponding Mountain triangles or circles, this stack may attack only the Partisan or the Chetnik stack in a given Combat Phase, never both.

8.2 How To Resolve Combat

• 8.21 If an attack has been declared by the Phasing Player, it is resolved in the following manner:

  • A. The Phasing and the non-Phasing Player total the Strength Points of their respective participating units;
  • B. The Phasing Player's total is compared to the non-Phasing Player's total, and this comparison is stated as a probability ratio: attacker's Strength to defender's Strength. This ratio is rounded down in favor of the defender to conform to the simplified ratio columns found on the Combat Results Table (CRT). Note: Terrain may affect the Strength of the defender (see 8.3);
  • C. The Phasing Player rolls a single die and cross-references this die roll with the appropriate ratio column. The result is applied immediately (see 8.22).

• 8.22 Combat results are read as follows:

  • A. A (attacker) or D (defender) followed by a number: The affected Player loses a unit(s) equal in Strength Points to the numerical result. If it is impossible for this Player to equal exactly the numerical result in Strength Points, he must eliminate as many Strength Points as possible from the affected stack without exceeding the numerical result. If it is impossible to lose any units that would yield a total of eliminated Strength Points less than the numerical result, nothing is lost. Regardless of how capable a Player's force is of fulfilling a loss result, this force must retreat after combat (see 8.24);
  • B. DE or AE: The defender's or attacker's force is eliminated from play entirely.

  Example: A Partisan brigade (Strength of 4) receives a D2 result. It is impossible for the Yugoslav Player to lose the brigade without suffering a Strength Point loss of less than 2. Thus, no loss is taken, but the brigade must retreat.

• 8.23 Yugoslav brigades and divisions may never be broken down in order to fulfill combat loss results.

8.3 Effects Of Terrain On Combat

• 8.31 Yugoslav units occupying Hide-away circles are doubled in Combat Strength when defending.
• 8.32 The numerical loss result following the letters A or D on the CRT is modified according to the following schedule:
  • A. It is tripled if the combat is taking place in a city (i.e., a D1 would become a D3);
  • B. It is doubled if the combat is taking place in a town or market town;
  • C. It is doubled in all combats taking place during an Anti-Guerrilla Operation (see 8.4).

8.4 Anti-Guerrilla Operations

Between Game-Turns 3 and 14 (inclusive), the Axis Player may conduct up to two Anti-Guerrilla Operations per Game-Turn. However, the number of Anti-Guerrilla Operations that may be performed during the course of the game is limited (see 15.3). Anti-Guerrilla Operations allow Axis units to enter the Hide-away circles of the Zones in which the operations are being conducted and permit more favorable attacks to be performed by the Axis Player.

• 8.41 At the beginning of each Axis Anti-Guerrilla Operations Phase between Game-Turns 3 and 14 (inclusive), the Axis Player must state if he is performing none, one, or two operations in the current Game-Turn. If an operation(s) is declared, the Axis Player secretly writes down the name of a single Zone in which this operation will be conducted. (If two operations are declared, two Zones are listed — but the same Zone may not be chosen twice in the same Game-Turn). If no operations are declared, the rest of this Phase is skipped.
• 8.42 For each declared operation, the Axis Player may choose up to 7 divisions (or their equivalents; see 6.22) during the Planning Segment to participate. These choices are made openly but may only include units that would normally be able to reach the Zone through normal movement in a hypothetical Movement Phase. In addition, Occupation Zone movement restrictions apply fully to Anti-Guerrilla Operations (see 6.6). After these units have been chosen, they are removed from the map and placed aside. (Note: See 10.23.)
• 8.43 During the Yugoslav Reaction Segment, the Yugoslav Player rolls a single die (even if two operations have been declared). The result is the number of Yugoslav units that may be immediately permitted a "bonus" Movement Phase, subject to all normal movement rules. The units chosen to make this bonus move may be picked from any area on the map, although the Yugoslav Player is not obligated to move any units if he does not wish to. The movement of Tito counts against the Yugoslav Player's allotment of bonus moves. Units chosen to make a bonus move may move normally in the ensuing Yugoslav Player-Turn.
• 8.44 During the Deployment Segment, all Axis units participating in an Anti-Guerrilla Operation must be placed in the Mountain triangle and/or Hide-away circle of the Zone Display declared as the object of this operation. Participating units may be placed in these two locations in any combination the Axis Player desires — all may be placed in one or the other, or in any other conceivable combination. If two operations have been declared in the current Game-Turn, the Axis Player must resolve the first fully before proceeding to deploy the participating units of the second (i.e., performing Steps C and D of this Phase).
• 8.45 During the Combat Segment, Axis units in a Mountain triangle or Hide-away circle may attack Yugoslav units in corresponding triangles and circles subject to normal combat rules. If no Yugoslav units are present in the corresponding locations, the Axis units are immediately removed from the map (see 8.47).

8.5 Intrinsic Defense Strengths Of Axis Towns And Cities

Trieste, Pola, Fiume, Zara, and Belgrade possess intrinsic Defense Strengths which are printed in parentheses within the Axis box of these Objective Displays.

• 8.51 The Yugoslav Player is not eligible to receive guerrilla reinforcements (see 7.4) or Victory Points (see 14.0) when occupying any of the above Objective Displays unless the intrinsic Defense Strength of the Display has been eliminated (see 8.53).
• 8.52 An intrinsic Defense Strength is equivalent to a normal Combat Strength, but it may never be used to attack. It may only be employed when the Yugoslav Player is conducting an attack against one of the above Displays. It may be employed by itself or in conjunction with Axis units currently occupying the Display. It may not be moved and may never be considered part of an Axis garrison.
• 8.53 An intrinsic Defense Strength is considered eliminated in any attack against the Display that results in a "D" outcome. The elimination of a Display's intrinsic Defense Strength must be kept track of on a separate piece of paper.
• 8.54 The elimination of an intrinsic Defense Strength may never be used to satisfy Strength Point losses for Axis units that were affected by a "D" result in this Display.
• 8.55 The intrinsic Defense Strengths of Trieste, Pola, Fiume, and Zara are not eliminated at the instant of Italian surrender (see 10.3).

8.6 Combat Results Table

The Combat Results Table is printed on the map sheet and is not reproduced in this rulebook text.

Addenda: Modifications for Tito, Anti-Guerrilla Operations, and mountain units are made to the probability ratio (8.21B) and are not column shifts on the CRT. See the mapsheet.

9.0 Tito

General Rule: Marshal Tito is represented by a single, backprinted counter that is controlled by the Yugoslav Player at all times. Tito may provide the Yugoslav Player certain advantages in combat and guerrilla reinforcement. However, the Axis Player may attempt to identify, locate, and eliminate Tito.

Procedure: Tito is made available to the Yugoslav Player as part of the Partisan reinforcements of Game-Turn 2 (see 13.92). When initially placed on the map, Tito is always placed with his unidentified counterside showing.

9.1 Movement of Tito

The Tito counter is subject to all normal movement rules and moves as if it were a Partisan combat unit. However, Tito must end each Yugoslav Movement Phase stacked with a Partisan unit. Exception: See 9.45.

9.2 Tito And Combat

• 9.21 If Tito (in any state) is stacked with Partisan units that are attacked, the ratio is shifted one column to the left on the CRT. If Tito is stacked with Partisan units that are attacking, the ratio is shifted one column to the right on the CRT. Tito may provide a maximum of one shift per Combat Phase.
• 9.22 If Partisan units stacked with Tito are obligated to retreat, Tito must retreat with these units. However, Tito may never be eliminated due to normal combat. If a Partisan stack containing Tito is eliminated, Tito is simply placed on top of any Partisan unit in the same Zone, or if this is impossible, on top of any Partisan unit on the map. If there are no Partisan units currently on the map, Tito is placed aside for the time being, but may return to the game with Partisan replacements (see 13.6).
• 9.23 Tito may only be eliminated according to the procedure described in Case 9.4. If Tito is eliminated, the Axis Player may shift the ratio one column to the right in all Axis attacks against any Partisan units, and one column to the left in all attacks made by Partisan units. In addition, Chetnik Collaboration die rolls are affected (see 7.22).

9.3 Tito And Yugoslav Reinforcements And Victory Points

• 9.31 If Tito is present within a Zone during the Guerrilla Reinforcement Phase, the Yugoslav Player receives a variable number of reinforcing Partisan groups (see 7.46).
• 9.32 During each Game-Turn in which Tito is withdrawn from the map (see 9.43), the number of Partisan groups available by recruitment in Objective Displays or Mountain triangles is halved (round fractions down; see 7.44 and 7.45). If Tito is eliminated, this condition is in effect for the remainder of the game. (Also, see 7.49).
• 9.33 The Yugoslav Player loses 5 Victory Points for each Game-Turn that Tito is withdrawn from the map (see 9.43). If Tito has been eliminated, the Yugoslav Player immediately loses 25 Victory Points in the ensuing Victory Point Stage and loses 5 Victory Points in each succeeding Victory Point Stage.

9.4 Identifying And Attacking Tito

The Axis Player may make a specific attack against Tito, but only after he has been identified and located. However, no identification, location or attack attempt against Tito may be made after Game-Turn 14.

• 9.41 The Axis Player may attempt to identify Tito during the Tito Phase of each Game-Turn following the one in which the first Partisan brigade is placed on the map (see 7.6) or in which the Yugoslav Player has first accumulated at least 45 Victory Points (see 14.0). The Axis Player rolls a single die at this time, a 6 indicating that Tito has been identified and a 1 through 5 indicating no effect. If Tito is identified, his counter is flipped over to the appropriate side.
• 9.42 The Axis Player may attempt to locate Tito during the Tito Phase of each Game-Turn following the one in which he is identified. The Axis Player rolls a single die at this time, a 6 indicating that he has been located and a 1 through 5 indicating no effect. When Tito has been located, the German 501st SS Parachute Battalion becomes available as a reinforcement in the ensuing Axis Reinforcement Phase.
• 9.43 The Axis Player may attempt to eliminate Tito during any Axis Combat Phase or Segment following the Tito Phase in which Tito is located. However, only one elimination attempt against Tito may be made per game. In order to eliminate Tito, the Axis Player must conduct an attack against a Partisan stack of units containing Tito. The 501st SS Parachute Battalion must participate in this attack. However, before resolving normal combat, the Axis Player rolls a single die. A 6 indicates that Tito is eliminated and a 1 through 5 indicates that Tito is "withdrawn" from the map for a number of full Game-Turns equal to this die roll (see 9.45). After this die roll, the normal combat must be resolved, and the 501st SS must participate (it remains on the map and functions as a normal unit for the remainder of the game).
• 9.44 As long as the 501st SS participates, an Axis elimination attempt against Tito may be performed during an Anti-Guerrilla Operation.
• 9.45 If Tito must be withdrawn from the map, his counter is picked up and placed aside for the time being. However, he automatically becomes available as a Partisan reinforcement after a number of full Game-Turns equal to the Axis Player's elimination attempt die roll (see 9.43). Example: If Tito were attacked on Game-Turn 7 with a die roll of 2, he would become available as a Partisan reinforcement in any Partisan-occupied Objective or Zone Display during the Guerrilla Reinforcement Phase of Game-Turn 10.

10.0 Italian Units And Allied Progress

General Rule: Certain events outside the scope of the Balkans campaign trigger pullbacks, withdrawals, and surrender of Italian units, as well as the entry of special German reinforcements. These events are measured on the Allied Progress Track.

10.1 Allied Progress

Starting with Game-Turn 6, the Yugoslav Player rolls a single die during the Allied Progress Phase and applies the result to the Allied Progress Track (10.14). There are seven events displayed on this Track, which, as they occur, may trigger events affecting Italian units.

• 10.11 At the beginning of Game-Turn 6, the Allied Progress marker is placed in the upper-half of Box #1 (Alam Halfa) on the Allied Progress Track. When the Yugoslav Player rolls the die during the Allied Progress Phase, a roll of 1 through 5 indicates that the marker is advanced to the upper half of the next box, where it remains until the next Allied Progress Phase. A roll of 6 indicates that the marker is not advanced but is simply shifted to the lower-half of the box it currently occupies, indicating that the Allied campaign has been temporarily stalled.
• 10.12 If the Allied Progress marker currently occupies the lower-half of a box, one is added to the Yugoslav Player's die roll during the Allied Progress Phase. The maximum addition to this die roll is One, no matter how long the marker remains in the lower-half of the box. No modification to the die roll is made when the marker occupies the upper-half of the box.
• 10.13 If the Allied Progress marker currently occupies the lower-half of a box and a 6 or 7 is rolled by the Yugoslav Player during the Allied Progress Phase, the marker is not moved at all; it remains in the lower-half of the box it currently occupies (see 10.12). Whenever the marker is advanced, it is always placed in the upper-half of the next box.
• 10.14 Allied Progress Track: the track is printed on the map sheet ("see mapsheet" in the source rules) and is not reproduced in this rulebook text.

10.2 Italian Pullbacks And Withdrawals

• 10.21 When the Allied Progress marker enters Box #3 on the Allied Progress Track, the Axis Player is immediately subject to an Italian Pullback for the remainder of the game. When an Italian Pullback is in effect, Italian units in Croatia may not enter the Zone Display for any reason, and may only occupy Objective Displays labeled "Italian Pullback" in the Axis box. Italian units currently occupying a prohibited location at the moment an Italian Pullback comes into effect must move out in the ensuing Axis Movement Phase. Note: Once an Italian Pullback has occurred, Italian units are not permitted to participate in Anti-Guerrilla Operations in Bosnia or Serbia (see 6.64B).
• 10.22 When the Allied Progress marker enters Box #6 on the Allied Progress Track, the Axis Player is immediately subject to an Italian Withdrawal. In this event, the Axis Player immediately rolls a single die, the resulting number indicating the number of Italian units (Axis Player's choice) which must be immediately and permanently removed from the map. This die roll takes place only once per game. In the ensuing Axis Reinforcement Phase, German reinforcements due as a result of Italian Withdrawal (see 13.91) become available to the Axis Player.
• 10.23 No Italian unit may participate in an Anti-Guerrilla Operation once an Italian Withdrawal takes place.

10.3 Italian Surrender And Operation Konstantin

When the Allied Progress marker reaches Box #7 on the Allied Progress Track, Italian Surrender takes place. As a result, all Italian units on the map either disband or defect. This determination is made during the Italian Surrender Phase. This Phase occurs only once per game in the Game-Turn in which Box #7 is reached. After Italian Surrender, the Allied Progress Phase is omitted for the rest of the game. See 7.23B.

• 10.31 The Axis Player receives reinforcements in the Axis Reinforcement Phase following the Allied Progress Phase in which Italian Surrender occurs (see 13.91).
• 10.32 In the Italian Surrender Phase, the following procedure is performed:
  • A. All Italian units on the map either disband (see 10.33), defect (see 10.34), or remain in place (see 10.35).
  • B. All German units perform Operation Konstantin (see 10.36).
  • C. All Partisan units respond to Operation Konstantin (see 10.36).
  • D. All Italian units that remained in place according to the procedure in Step A either disband, defect, or continue to remain in place.
  • E. All remaining Italian units on the map are permanently removed.
• 10.33 During Steps A and D of Case 10.32, a given Italian unit disbands if it occupies an Axis box, triangle, or circle containing an equal amount or more non-Italian Axis Strength Points than Partisan Strength Points in a corresponding box, triangle, or circle. A disbanded unit is immediately removed from the map.
• 10.34 During Steps A and D of Case 10.32, a given Italian unit defects if it occupies an Axis box, triangle, or circle with fewer non-Italian Axis Strength Points than Partisan Strength Points in a corresponding box, triangle, or circle. If an Italian unit defects, it is immediately removed from the map and replaced with a Partisan brigade (if available), which is placed in the Yugoslav box, triangle, or circle corresponding to the one formerly occupied by the Italian unit.
• 10.35 During Steps A and D of Case 10.32, a given Italian unit remains in place if it occupies an Axis box, triangle, or circle without any other non-Italian Axis units and no Partisan units in a corresponding location.
• 10.36 When Operation Konstantin comes into effect (see 10.32B), the Axis Player is permitted a bonus Movement Phase for German units only. This bonus Phase is identical to a normal Movement Phase. As soon as all German units have completed this movement, the Yugoslav Player is permitted an identical bonus Movement Phase for all Partisan units. This is also considered a normal Movement Phase, except the Yugoslav Player is not subject to the restrictions of Case 6.42 (i.e., a Partisan unit may move into a Zone and enter one of its Objective Displays immediately). Bonus Movement Phases are in addition to normal movement permitted during Axis and Yugoslav Movement Phases.

11.0 Weather

General Rule: Game-Turns 4, 8, 12, and 16 are automatically Winter Game-Turns. In addition, during the Weather Phase of Game-Turns 2, 6, 10, and 14, the Yugoslav Player must determine if drought will exist in the ensuing year (the current and three successive Game-Turns).

11.1 Winter

• 11.11 During a Winter Game-Turn, the number of reinforcing guerrilla groups that are created by recruitment in Mountain triangles or village Objective Displays is halved (round fractions down). Exception: See Case 11.12.
• 11.12 Yugoslav units occupying the Mountain triangles in the Islands Zone Display are not affected by Winter Game-Turns in terms of recruitment.

11.2 Drought

• 11.21 During the Weather Phase of Game-Turns 2, 6, 10, and 14, the Yugoslav Player must roll a single die in order to determine if drought is created during the current Game-Turn and the following three Game-Turns.
• 11.22 There are two possible weather results: drought and normal:
  • A. On Game-Turn 2, a die roll of 1 through 3 indicates drought, and a die roll of 4 through 6 indicates normal. Game-Turn 1 is normal.
  • B. On Game-Turns 6, 10, and 14, a die roll of 1 through 5 indicates a result opposite that in existence for the previous four Game-Turns (i.e., if Game-Turn 5 was drought and a 4 was rolled by the Yugoslav Player during the Weather Phase of Game-Turn 6, a normal result would be in effect through Game-Turn 9). A die roll of 6 indicates that the previous condition is repeated for the next four Game-Turns.
• 11.23 If drought is created, the Game-Turn marker should be flipped over to indicate this condition. If drought is in effect during a Guerrilla Reinforcement Phase, the number of reinforcing guerrilla groups created by recruitment in market town Objective Displays is halved (rounding fractions down).
• 11.24 Normal weather has no effect on any game function.

12.0 Mountain Units

General Rule: The Axis Player possesses a number of mountain units. These are considered normal combat units for all purposes, except that when any stack containing at least one mountain unit (German and Italian only, not Croat) conducts an attack in any Mountain triangle, Hide-away circle, or village box, the ratio is shifted one column to the right on the CRT. There is a maximum of one shift to the right per combat.

13.0 Reinforcements, Replacements, Transfers, and Upgrading

General Rule: Both Players receive reinforcements and replacements during the course of the game. In addition, both Players may transfer units at pre-determined times. Similarly, the Axis Player is permitted to upgrade certain units at specific times during the course of the game.

Procedure:

• A. Axis reinforcements and replacements appear on the map during the Axis Reinforcement Phase of the indicated Game-Turn. In addition, unit transfer and upgrading takes place at this time. The Axis Player may place reinforcements and replacements anywhere within a Zone that the unit would normally be allowed to move into according to the restrictions of Case 6.6 (even in a Display whose corresponding box, triangle, or circle is currently occupied by an Enemy unit).
• B. Yugoslav reinforcements and replacements appear on the map at the beginning of the Yugoslav Movement Phase, except for variable guerrilla reinforcements, which appear in the Guerrilla Reinforcement Phase (see 7.4). In addition, transfer of Soviet and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian units takes place at the beginning of the Yugoslav Movement Phase. Yugoslav units are placed on the map according to the requirements of Cases 13.2, 13.4, and 13.6.

13.1 Axis Reinforcements

The Axis Player is due reinforcements as described in the Reinforcement, Transfer, and Upgrading Schedule (13.9).

13.2 Yugoslav Reinforcements

• 13.21 The Yugoslav Player is due predetermined Partisan reinforcements (including Tito) on Game-Turn 2 (see 13.92).
• 13.22 The Yugoslav Player is due Soviet and Bulgarian reinforcements on Game-Turn 15 (see 13.92). In addition, there are three optional Soviet reinforcing units that are available to the Yugoslav Player at this time. However, if these units are used, the Yugoslav Player loses 15 Victory Points in the ensuing Victory Point Stage (see 14.3).

13.3 Axis Reinforcements Triggered By Events

The Axis Player is due reinforcements as certain events are triggered during the course of the game. These are:

• A. Italian Withdrawal (see 10.2);
• B. Italian Surrender (see 10.3);
• C. Tito is located (see 9.42);
• D. The Yugoslav Player first accumulates 45 Victory Points or the first Yugoslav brigade is placed on the map.

Note: The units available as a result of these events are listed in Case 13.91.

13.4 Yugoslav Variable Guerrilla Reinforcements

The Yugoslav Player is due variable guerrilla reinforcements during all Guerrilla Reinforcement Phases (see 7.4).

13.5 Axis Replacements

Axis replacements must be drawn from units that have been previously eliminated from play. Replacements may never be accumulated; if they are not used or not available on a given Game-Turn, they are permanently lost.

• 13.51 Starting with the Axis Reinforcement Phase of Game-Turn 2, the Axis Player receives one Serbian unit (Axis Player's choice) as a replacement each Game-Turn.
• 13.52 Starting with the Axis Reinforcement Phase of Game-Turn 3, the Axis Player receives two Croat units (Axis Player's choice) as replacements each Game-Turn.

13.6 Yugoslav Guerrilla Replacements

• 13.61 If, at the beginning of any Yugoslav Movement Phase of Game-Turn 3 (or after), there are no Partisan units on the map, the Yugoslav Player is immediately eligible for Partisan replacements (see 13.63).
• 13.62 If, at the beginning of any Yugoslav Movement Phase between Game-Turns 2 and 8 (inclusive), there are no Chetnik units of any allegiance on the map, the Yugoslav Player is immediately eligible for pro-Yugoslav Chetnik replacements (see 13.63).
• 13.63 If the Yugoslav Player is due replacements, he rolls a single die for Partisans and/or a single die for Chetniks. The result(s) is the number of replacement groups of the appropriate type immediately available to the Yugoslav Player.
• 13.64 Partisan replacements may be placed in the Hide-away circle of the Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Dalmatia, and/or Slovenia Zone Display. Chetnik replacements (always placed on the map as pro-Yugoslav) may be placed in the Hide-away circle of the Montenegro and/or Serbia Zone Display.

13.7 Transferring Units

• 13.71 The Reinforcement, Transfer, and Upgrading Schedule (13.9) will ask the Axis Player to transfer (remove) specific units on the map at various times during the game. In order to transfer a unit, the Axis Player simply picks it up and removes it from the map during the Axis Reinforcement Phase. A unit that is transferred may not return to play unless specified by 13.9.
• 13.72 Transfer of Axis units is not mandatory. However, during the Victory Point Stage of each Game-Turn in which there are Axis units on the map whose transfer had previously been called for, the Yugoslav Player receives 5 Victory Points for each such unit (see 14.2).
• 13.73 If an Axis unit has been eliminated when its transfer is called for, this transfer is ignored.
• 13.74 The Yugoslav Player may transfer only Soviet and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian units after Game-Turn 15. This is performed exactly like Axis transfer, except it takes place at the beginning of the Yugoslav Movement Phase. The Yugoslav Player loses 10 Victory Points for each Soviet and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian unit on the map during the Victory Point Stage of Game-Turns 16 and 17 (see 14.3).

13.8 Upgrading Axis Units

• 13.81 The Reinforcement, Transfer, and Upgrading Schedule (13.9) will list the times at which specific Axis units will be upgraded. In order to upgrade a unit, the Axis Player simply flips it over, revealing a new unit with a stronger Combat Strength.
• 13.82 If a unit that is to be upgraded is eliminated from play, its upgrading is ignored. Note: Eliminated Croat units that re-deploy onto the map as Axis replacements (see 13.52) after their scheduled upgrading are automatically upgraded.

13.9 Reinforcement, Transfer, And Upgrading Schedule

All reinforcements, transfers, and units to be upgraded are given by Game-Turn. Each unit's designation is listed, followed by a letter and number in parentheses which indicate nationality and Combat Strength. Abbreviations are as follows: G = German; C = Croat; P = Partisan; B = Bulgarian; S = Soviet. All units listed are reinforcements unless otherwise noted.

13.91 Axis

At Start

• A. Place in Box #6 of the Allied Progress Track (available after Italian Withdrawal): 100L(G10), 173(G6), 297(G12), 373(G10), 92(G6).

• B. Place in Box #7 of the Allied Progress Track (available after Italian Surrender): 181(G18), 264(G15), 371(G15), 1Cos(G9).

• C. Place aside (available after locating Tito): 501SS(G1).

• D. Place aside (available after the Yugoslav Player first accumulates 45 Victory Points or the first Yugoslav brigade is placed on the map): 25(B12), 27(B12). These reinforcements must be deployed (and remain) in Serbia, only in an Objective Display labeled "Bulgarian Occupation."

• Game-Turn 2: 342(G18), 125(G3), Gd(C3), 1Ust(C2), 2Ust(C2), 3Ust(C2).

• Game-Turn 3: 113(G18), 4Ust(C2), 5Ust(C2). Transfer: 125(G3).

• Game-Turn 4: 1(C1), 2(C1), 3(C1), 4(C1), 5(C1), 1Mt(C2), 2Mt(C2), 3Mt(C2), 4Mt(C2), 5Mt(C2). Transfer: 113(G18).

• Game-Turn 5: Transfer: 342(G18).

• Game-Turn 6: 7SS(G16).

• Game-Turn 8: 369(G10), 6(C1). Upgrade: 704(G12), 714(G12), 717(G12), 718(G12). Transfer: 117L(G15).

13.92 Yugoslav

• Game-Turn 2: 10 groups (each P1), Tito unidentified: Serbia Yugoslav/Partisan Hide-away circle; 4 groups (each P1): Slovenia Yugoslav/Partisan Hide-away circle; 3 groups (each P1): Montenegro Yugoslav/Partisan Hide-away circle.
• Game-Turn 15: 75(S30), 68(S30), 64(S30), 10Gd(S33), 31Gd(S33), 4Gd(S42), 5(S12), 1(B15), 2(B15), 3(B15), 4(B15), 5(B15), 7(B15), 8(B15), 6(B18), 9(B18). Place in any Yugoslav/Partisan box, triangle, or circle in Serbia or Macedonia (Soviet units), or simply Macedonia (Bulgarian units). None of these units may leave their original Zone of placement on Game-Turn 15.

The following optional Soviet reinforcements are also available at this time: 18Gd(S33), 20Gd(S33), 7(S38). For each one employed, the Yugoslav Player loses 5 Victory Points in the ensuing Victory Point Stage.

14.0 Yugoslav Victory Points

General Rule: The Yugoslav Player (only) accumulates and loses Victory Points during the Victory Point Stage. The number of Victory Points accumulated by the Yugoslav Player at the end of the game will determine the winner. In addition, the accumulation of a certain number of Victory Points during the course of the game will trigger events altering the game's flow.

14.1 How Yugoslav Victory Points Are Recorded

• 14.11 Yugoslav Victory Points are recorded on the Victory Point Track (14.13) only during the Victory Point Stage. At this time, the Yugoslav Player should examine the map, checking to see if any of the conditions of Cases 14.2 and 14.3 are fulfilled — accumulating and deducting Victory Points according to the instructions of these Cases.
• 14.12 Yugoslav Victory Points are recorded with the appropriate markers on the Victory Point Track. As each condition of Cases 14.2 and 14.3 is fulfilled, these markers should be adjusted appropriately. Each Victory Point marker is printed with a positive and negative side. (It is permissible for the Victory Point total to go into negative figures; if it does, simply flip the markers over to their negative sides.)
• 14.13 Victory Point Track: the track is printed on the map sheet ("see mapsheet" in the source rules) and is not reproduced in this rulebook text.

14.2 How The Yugoslav Player Accumulates Victory Points

The fulfillment of the following conditions accumulates Victory Points for the Yugoslav Player during the Victory Point Stage of each Game-Turn:

• A. The Yugoslav Player should check each Objective Display currently occupied by at least one Yugoslav (or Soviet or pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian) unit. For each occupied Objective Display, the Yugoslav Player receives the Victory Point Value of that Display (the second Value printed in the Axis box).
• B. The Yugoslav Player should check every Yugoslav (or Soviet or pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian) occupied Mountain triangle separately. The number of Yugoslav Strength Points in each such occupied Mountain should be totalled and divided by four (round fractions down). The result is the number of Victory Points awarded to the Yugoslav Player. However, no more Victory Points may be awarded per Mountain triangle than the number of units currently occupying the triangle. Example: If one Partisan division (Strength of 12) and nine Chetnik groups (each with a Strength of 1) occupy their respective Mountain triangles in Istria, the Yugoslav Player would receive 1 Victory Point for the Partisan division and 2 Victory Points for the Chetnik groups.
• C. The Yugoslav Player receives 5 Victory Points for each German unit that is currently on the map after its scheduled transfer (see 13.7).

14.3 How The Yugoslav Player Loses Victory Points

The Yugoslav Player should deduct Victory Points due to the fulfillment of the following conditions during the Victory Point Stage:

• A. If Tito is currently withdrawn from the map (see 9.43), the Yugoslav Player loses 5 Victory Points.
• B. If Tito has been eliminated (see 9.43), the Yugoslav Player loses 25 Victory Points in the ensuing Victory Point Stage and 5 Victory Points in every succeeding Victory Point Stage.
• C. If, at the beginning of the immediately preceding Yugoslav Movement Phase, there were no Chetnik guerrillas on the map, the Yugoslav Player loses 5 Victory Points. If there were no Chetnik units of any allegiance, the Yugoslav Player loses 15 Victory Points instead. After Allied Support Withdrawal, this Case is ignored.
• D. If, at the beginning of the immediately preceding Yugoslav Movement Phase (except on Game-Turn 1), there were no Partisan units on the map, the Yugoslav Player loses 25 Victory Points.
• E. For each Soviet and pro-Yugoslav Bulgarian unit on the map during the Victory Point Stages' of Game-Turns 16 and 17, the Yugoslav Player loses 20 Victory Points.
• F. If any of the three optional Soviet reinforcements have been deployed by the Yugoslav Player in the immediately preceding Yugoslav Movement Phase (see 13.92), the Yugoslav Player loses 5 Victory Points for each one deployed.

14.4 Events Triggered By Yugoslav Victory Points

A number of events are triggered by the first accumulation of 45 Victory Points by the Yugoslav Player (or the first appearance of a Yugoslav brigade on the map). These events are described in Cases 6.64, 9.41, and 13.91D.

15.0 How to Start and Win the Game

General Rule: Before the start of play, both Players must deploy a number of units on the map according to the instructions of Cases 15.1 and 15.2. In addition, the Axis Player must calculate the number of Anti-Guerrilla Operations that he may perform during the course of the game (see 15.3).

15.1 Axis Set-Up

Units to be deployed are indicated by nationality, designation, and strength (in parentheses). Axis units may be deployed in any Objective Display of the indicated Zone.

• A. German
  • 1. Serbia: 704(12), 714(12), 717(12).
  • 2. Bosnia: 718(12).
• B. Italian
  • 1. Slovenia: Emilia(6), Marche(6), Alpi Gr(6), CD Alpi(6).
  • 2. Istria: Murge(6), Messina(6).
  • 3. Croatia: Bergamo(6), Sassari(6).
  • 4. Dalmatia: Savoia(6), Zara(6).
  • 5. Montenegro: Re(6), Lombard(6), Macerata(6), Isonzo(6), Ferrara(6), Taurinense(6), Perugia(6), Venezia(6), Puglia(6).
  • 6. Albania: Firenze(6), Arezzo(6), Parma(6).
• C. Serbian
  • 1. Serbia: 1(1), 2(1), 3(1), 4(1), 5(1).

15.2 Yugoslav Set-Up

The Yugoslav Player deploys 5 Chetnik groups in the Yugoslav/Chetnik Hide-away circle of the Serbia Zone Display and 2 Chetnik groups in the Yugoslav/Chetnik Hide-away circle of the Montenegro Zone Display. These units are under the control of the Yugoslav Player at the start of the game.

15.3 Axis Anti-Guerrilla Limitations

• 15.31 Before starting play, the Axis Player should place all ten Soviet units available in the counter mix in a cup. Each Soviet unit is back-printed with a number of Anti-Guerrilla Operations ("AGO"). The Axis Player blindly chooses one Soviet unit. The number on its reverse is the number of Anti-Guerrilla Operations the Axis Player may perform during the game.
• 15.32 The chosen Soviet counter is kept hidden in front of the Axis Player between Game-Turns 1 and 14 (inclusive). Each time an Anti-Guerrilla Operation is performed, the Axis Player records it on a separate sheet of paper. At the beginning of Game-Turn 15, the counter is revealed to the Yugoslav Player, who verifies that the number of Anti-Guerrilla Operations performed does not exceed the counter's number. During this Game-Turn, all Soviet units become available as reinforcements.

15.4 Special Rules (Game-Turns One and Two Only)

On Game-Turns 1 and 2, all of both Players' units must remain in the Zone in which they start the game (or enter the game as reinforcements).

15.5 How to Win the Game

The game ends at the completion of the Victory Point Stage of Game-Turn 17 (the remaining Phases of this Game-Turn are deleted). At this time, the final Yugoslav Victory Point total is computed and a winner is determined according to the following schedule:

Result	Yugoslav Victory Points
Yugoslav Decisive Victory	Greater than 800
Yugoslav Substantive Victory	701–800
Yugoslav Marginal Victory	601–700
Axis Marginal Victory	501–600
Axis Substantive Victory	401–500
Axis Decisive Victory	Less than 401

16.0 Addenda

• [7.42] (addition) Within the limits of the Sequence of Play (4.0) and 7.68 (limitations on the number of counters), the Yugoslav Player is free to choose the order in which his reinforcements may be created.
• [7.44E] (addition) No Chetnik unit may generate reinforcements or Victory Points if an Objective Display also is occupied by pro-Axis Chetniks.
• [9.43] (addition) If the 501st is participating in an Anti-Guerrilla Operation, it need not be removed from the map during the Planning Segment (8.42), although the Axis Player secretly notes which operation the 501st is committed to. The unit is deployed normally according to 8.22.

17.0 Designer's Notes

My main task in designing Tito was to translate into game terms a wealth of distinctive factors, many of them unique to the Balkan theater, that went into the conflict between the Axis and the Yugoslav guerrillas.

I started out with the concept that the conflict was a war within a war, within a war. The Axis were fighting the Allies on the major battlefronts, and what was happening in the Mediterranean and in the Soviet Union had indirect but important effects on the war against the guerrillas. But the guerrillas, while battling the Axis, were at each other's throats. There were two rival guerrilla factions: the Communist-led Partisans headed by Marshal Tito, and the predominantly Serbian, pro-royalist Chetniks. Not only was the resolution of the war against the Axis at stake for both, but the political makeup of postwar Yugoslavia hung in the balance as well. And the guerrillas were not the only ones with internal differences. Germany, as head of the Axis bloc, saw its position in the Balkans seriously weakened by the collapse of Italy in September 1943 and the defection of Bulgaria to the Soviet side a year later.

The polyglot makeup of Yugoslavia also had to be factored in. Here is a country with six major ethnic groups, three languages, and three religions — a situation that made Yugoslavia a microcosm of the fragmented Balkans. This fragmentation and its significant influence on operations during the guerrilla war could not be ignored. For example, the regions of Serbia and Montenegro had to be depicted as the Chetnik strongholds they were, while the rest of the country had to be shown as more hospitable to the broader-based Peoples Liberation Army of Tito.

On top of this crazy-quilt political-ethnic situation, the Axis, after its lightning military conquest of Yugoslavia in April, 1941, superimposed a fragmentation of its own. Parts of the country were annexed outright by Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, and Hungary, and the rest of the land was carved into occupation zones overseen by the Germans, Italians, and Bulgarians. Into the mix were tossed the not inconsiderable pro-Axis ethnic elements in Yugoslavia, mainly Croats and Serbs, who formed national armies of their own. In true Balkans fashion, the occupation zones, which in certain cases cut across traditional ethnic boundaries, caused the Axis considerable problems in mounting a coordinated effort against the guerrillas.

In strategic terms, Yugoslavia was immensely important to the Germans. Some 50% of Germany's oil, all its chromium, 60% of its bauxite, and almost a quarter of its copper and antimony came from the Balkans, at whose heart lies Yugoslavia. The country stood astride Germany's line of communications with its forces in Greece and Crete. When the tide of war turned against the Axis in the Mediterranean, Germany was constantly preoccupied with the fear of an Allied landing on Yugoslavia's Adriatic coast.

So, with the guerrilla war of necessity a military sideshow, the Germans were faced with the problem of waging it as cheaply as possible, but for big stakes. Militarily, the units employed could be put to better use on the major fighting fronts. But strategically, a quiescent Yugoslavia would take some of the pressures off those fronts.

In the final analysis, what the Germans do in the game will not win the big war going on in the outside world. At best, the German Player can duplicate what the Germans historically did in Norway — surrender a relatively intact force when hostilities cease in 1945.

The guerrillas (in the game the brunt of their fighting is done by the Partisans, so mostly hereafter we'll refer to them as such) must keep striking at the German war effort while trying to build an army capable of eventually taking the offensive against the Axis. As we shall see, the first goal is a vital precondition for achieving the second.

Operationally, the most striking factor is the mountainous nature of the country and its overriding effects on movement and combat. To the Partisans, the mountains, which occupy 80% of the country, were both friend and foe. The mountains offered refuge, but not sustenance. Thus, there is a compelling need for the Partisans to come out of hiding and attack to gain recruits, supplies, and self-confidence.

From the Axis standpoint, it was vital in the game to depict the general unwillingness of their forces to prosecute an anti-guerrilla war, and the devastating effects on the Partisans when the Axis occasionally got its act together and mounted large-scale anti-guerrilla operations. Then, too, there were the complications of Italy's surrender, which threw the weight of the campaign onto German shoulders, and the defection of the Bulgarians, which suddenly confronted the Germans with a well-armed enemy on Yugoslavia's eastern frontier.

And, speaking of well-armed enemies, there were, of course, the Soviets. Their appearance late in the game turns what had been a search-and-destroy campaign into a war with defined front lines. How heavily the Partisans rely on Soviet support determines how heavily they will be dominated by Moscow after the war. In game terms, too many Soviets helping for too long can be a mixed blessing.