Khartoum: Sudan, 1883 to 1885 Rulebook

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

• Part 1: Khartoum Scenario Rules
  • 23.0 Introduction
  • 24.0 Counter Types
    • 24.1 Mahdist
    • 24.2 Empire
  • 25.0 How to Set Up the Game
    • 25.1 Empire (Set up first)
    • 25.2 Mahdist (Set up second)
  • 26.0 Game Length
  • 27.0 How to Win the Game
  • 28.0 Placing Recruits
  • 29.0 Special Rules
    • 29.1 Cards
    • 29.2 Empire Contingents
    • 29.3 Egyptian Garrisons
    • 29.4 Mahdist Contingents
    • 29.5 The Mahdi
    • 29.6 Gordon
    • 29.7 Egyptian Morale
    • 29.8 Desert Routes
    • 29.9 River Movement
    • 29.10 Empire River Boats
    • 29.11 Rivers
    • 29.12 Empire Naval Movement
• Part 2: Hand of Destiny Mini System Rules
  • 1.0 Components
  • Standard Rules
  • 2.0 Introduction
  • 3.0 The Map
  • 4.0 Playing Pieces
  • 5.0 How to Win the Game
  • 6.0 How to Play
    • 6.1 Turns
    • 6.2 Sequence of Play
  • 7.0 Campaign Cards
    • 7.1 Campaign Card Instructions
    • 7.2 Reshuffling

Part 1: Khartoum Scenario Rules

23.0 Introduction

Khartoum is a two-player wargame of the Mahdist uprising in the Sudan.

First Player (Mahdists): Controls all Mahdists (green) units.

Second Player (Empire): Controls all British (red) and Egyptian (blue) units.

24.0 Counter Types

24.1 Mahdist

• Mahdi: Mohammed Ahmed and his retinue.
• Tribal: Named after an emir or other Mahdist Leader.
• Jihadiya: Mahdists armed with European weapons.
• Cavalry: Horsemen or camel troops.

24.2 Empire

• Gen. Charles Gordon: (his staff and guard).
• Infantry Unit
• Cavalry
• Camel Units
• Artillery
• River Boats
• Egyptian Garrison Unit (Static)

British Unit Identification:

• Gds Bde: Guards Brigade
• G: Graham Expedition
• Cp: Corps
• Naval Bde: Naval Brigade
• RMLI: Royal Marine Light Infantry
• W: Wolseley Expedition

Egyptian Unit Identification:

• Bashi: Bashibazouks

25.0 How to Set Up the Game

25.1 Empire (Set up first)

Egyptian Forces:

• Wadi Halfa, Khartoum, and Suakin: One 4 strength garrison unit at each location. These garrison units display the name of the location they garrison.
• In any towns except Khartoum, Suakin, Wadi Halfa and El Obeid: Four 2 strength garrison units (Egyptian A through D). No more than one per location.
• Kosti: 1st and 2nd Egyptian Infantry, and Bashi cavalry.
• Wadi Halfa: 3rd Egyptian Infantry.
• Khartoum: 4th Egyptian Infantry.
• Dara: Slatin Bey Infantry.

British Forces:

• Suakin: RMLI.

Empire Reinforcements Box: All remaining 12 British and 5 Egyptian units.

Cards: Shuffle the Empire's five A cards into one deck and the four B cards into a second deck. Place the A deck on top of the B deck. The A cards will be drawn before the B. Place the deck face down in a convenient spot. When reshuffling during game play, both A and B cards are shuffled together.

25.2 Mahdist (Set up second)

• El Obeid and/or any adjacent space(s): Mahdi, Abdulah, Muhamed, Ali.
• In either space adjacent to Suakin: Osman Digna.
• In any spaces not occupied by Empire units: A cavalry and B cavalry.
• Mahdist Reinforcements Box: Jihadiya A, Jihadiya B.

Cards: Shuffle all Mahdist cards together and place them face down in a convenient spot.

Note: The named space Abu Klea is printed in red, it was the site of a water well that was fought over during the historic campaign. It has no effect on game play.

26.0 Game Length

The game lasts nine turns, September-October 1883 to January-February 1885.

27.0 How to Win the Game

Mahdist Sudden Death Victory: If at any time in the game Mahdist units occupy all three of the following locations: Khartoum, Wadi Halfa and Suakin, the game immediately comes to an end in a Mahdist Total Victory.

End Game Victory: If the Mahdists have not won a sudden death victory, check victory at the end of the game. The Empire player scores VP for Empire units occupying towns and Khartoum:

• 3 VP (each) for Khartoum, Wadi Halfa, Suakin.
• 1 VP for each other town.

If the Empire player has at least nine VP, the Empire wins the game. Otherwise, the Mahdists win a local victory.

28.0 Placing Recruits

Mahdist: The Mahdist player picks the number of units specified on his card at random from those in the Mahdist Reinforcement Box. Deploy units in the space containing the Mahdi unit, and/or any town(s)/fortress occupied by Mahdist units. Cards K-11 and K-16 allow placement in any spaces not occupied by Empire units.

Empire (British): Cards will specify the British units to be placed. If a card is picked a second time due to a reshuffle, the Empire player may re-recruit any two British units (only) of his choice from those named on the card that are in the Empire Eliminated Box. If eliminated, Gordon cannot be re-recruited.

Empire (Egyptian): The cards specify the number of Egyptian units that may be chosen by the player from those in the Empire Reinforcements Box.

Placement: British and Egyptian units may be deployed in Wadi Halfa and/or Suakin, if Empire occupied (Exception: 29.13). The units on card K-01 Send Gordon may also be placed in Khartoum if it is Empire occupied. Egyptian garrisons must be placed in towns already occupied by existing Empire units, no more than one garrison per town. The Khartoum, Suakin and Wadi Halfa garrisons can only be placed back in their namesake locations.

Restrictions: Recruited units may not be placed in spaces containing enemy units (Exception: 29.13). Unless specified on a card, units may not be placed in empty spaces (Exception: 29.13). If eliminated, Gordon may never be re-recruited. Recruits must be taken on the turn they are allowed. They may not be held over for a subsequent turn.

29.0 Special Rules

29.1 Cards

Hold cards: Players have cards which are marked "Hold." When picked, the player may play the hold card immediately or place it to one side. If placed to the side, the player skips his turn. On any subsequent turn, the player can choose to play the card instead of picking a card per the Sequence of Play.

Players reshuffle cards: When a card instructs a player to reshuffle the draw deck, the player randomly picks a discarded card and adds it to the draw deck. After adding the card, reshuffle the draw deck. Cards marked hold or remove are eligible to be placed back into the draw deck.

Criteria: If a card has criteria that cannot be met, the player drawing the card skips his turn. Follow the disposition instructions for the card.

Clarification: When a card calls for an action, the side that played the card always conducts the action unless the card specifically instructs otherwise.

Example: Card 18, the Mahdist player rolls the die and then moves the Egyptian units a number of spaces (in any direction) equal to the die roll.

29.2 Empire Contingents

There are two Empire contingents: British and Egyptian. Cards will state which contingent can move and attack on that turn. Units of both contingents can otherwise stack and defend together. They may also use each other's supply sources. The Gordon leader is considered part of both contingents and may move/attack with either.

29.3 Egyptian Garrisons

Garrison units may not move. If forced to retreat, they are eliminated. See the breakout card for conversion of one garrison to infantry.

29.4 Mahdist Contingents

The Mahdist player may move all Mahdist units for each card played.

29.5 The Mahdi

If the Mahdi leader is eliminated, he is automatically replaced. Roll one die, divide the result by two (round up). Deploy the Mahdi that number of turns later, on any space not containing Empire units. This is in addition to other recruits. Place the counter after any other reinforcements are placed. If this is after the last turn of the game, the Mahdi is not returned to play.

29.6 Gordon

Gordon is initially placed per the Send Gordon card (K-01). He is considered an elite unit (16.0). Gordon can move with either the British or Egyptian contingent.

29.7 Egyptian Morale

Certain Egyptian infantry and cavalry units that receive a panic result are eliminated instead. These units have "Eliminate" printed on the reverse of their counters. If these units are defending in a fortress space or are in the same space as Gordon (defending or attacking), they treat a panic result normally (including ignoring a panic result in a fortress).

29.8 Desert Routes

Only Mahdist units, Empire leaders, and camel units can move along desert routes.

29.9 River Movement

Ignore rules 12.1 and 12.2. All units can move along river routes using land movement. Khartoum does not have river spaces, substitute river route.

29.10 Empire River Boats

River boats are fleets (12.0). They do not receive the die roll modifier in rule 17.0. River boats can be placed in and move into/through spaces along river routes (not ports). The Empire can move river boats only along river routes. Each river boat can transport up to four land units of any type. River boats may move through enemy occupied spaces. They must cease movement in Khartoum if it is occupied by enemy units.

29.11 Rivers

Nile Flood/Nile Low: Treat Khartoum as a town on Nile low turns (January-February through May-June). Treat it as a fortress on Nile flood turns (July-August through November-December). River boats may move along the Nile south of Khartoum during Nile flood turns. On other turns, if in a river space south of Khartoum, they cannot move, although they do defend normally.

29.12 Empire Naval Movement

The Empire player can move non-garrison Empire units directly between the ports of Suakin and Trinikat. This counts as one space of movement. This does not require a transport unit. If the port that the units move to is enemy occupied, an attack must be conducted.

29.13 Naval Landings

Exception to 28.0. The Empire player can deploy Gordon and British (not Egyptian) recruits on the two port spaces, even if enemy occupied. If enemy occupied, they cannot move in the turn of placement, and must fight those enemy units in the ensuing Battle Phase. If the Empire force loses the battle, all Empire units are eliminated.

29.14 Fog of War (modifies 10.0)

The Mahdist player may always examine all units in Empire stacks. The Empire player may not examine Mahdist units underneath the top-most unit in the stack.

29.15 Battle Procedure (modifies 13.1)

In the event of ties to the tactical superiority die roll, the TEC will designate the side that has tactical superiority.

29.16 Breakoff (modifies 18.0)

Leaders, cavalry/camel units and river boats can break off.

29.17 Supply (modifies 21.0)

Ignore rules 21.1 and 21.2. Mahdist units are always in supply. Empire units are in supply if they meet any of the following requirements.

• They occupy a fortress or town space and there are no enemy units present. If judging supply for battle, they must be the defending force in the space.
• They are within two spaces of any friendly occupied fortress or town and the intervening space (if any) is not enemy occupied.
• River boats and units in the same space as a river boat are always in supply. River boats do not provide supply to other spaces.
• Gordon and camel units are always in supply. They do not provide supply to other units.

Part 2: Hand of Destiny Mini System Rules

1.0 Components

This Mini Game is complete if it includes: 40 game pieces (units), 18 Campaign Cards, one 11x17" map, and this rules & scenario sheet. Players must provide one or more six-sided dice (five is ideal).

Standard Rules

2.0 Introduction

Hand of Destiny is a wargame system of campaigns set on the far-flung frontiers of civilization in the 19th century.

Spaces: Locations in which you place units. Different types of spaces are described on the Terrain Effects Chart (TEC).

There are two players identified by the scenario. Each player is provided with cardboard pieces called units, representing military formations or tribal warbands. Players move their units, and then conduct battles with them.

Each player has a set of campaign cards. Players use these cards to recruit new units, move their forces on the map and take specified special actions. If opposing forces are in the same space, a battle will ensue.

The game has two levels: the standard rules, that give a quick wargame, and the advanced rules, that give more realism and complexity. Players new to wargaming should read just the standard rules and play a game or two before trying the advanced rules.

Important: Scenario rules always supersede the rules in this rule book.

3.0 The Map

The game map shows the region where the original campaign took place. The map has the following features.

Routes: These are the lines connecting spaces. Players move their units only via routes. There are both land and river routes that differ in the kind of movement they allow.

Recruit Box: Place units here that are not in play, or that were destroyed due to combat or other game actions that allow them to be replaced. These units may be recruited and placed on the map with campaign cards.

Dead Pile: Place units here that have been eliminated and cannot be replaced.

4.0 Playing Pieces

The square cardboard pieces are called units. Scenario rules provide information about their set-up. The following definitions apply to the various playing pieces.

Friendly Units: Units controlled by one player.

Enemy Units: Units controlled by the other player.

Counter information: Each unit is printed with a large number. This is the unit's battle strength that represents its relative effectiveness in combat and is used when resolving battles. Each piece also has an identification. This will be the historical numbers or title, the name of a tribal grouping, the name of a leader, or some other info identifying that unit.

Units will sometimes have a contingent. This is the higher command of which it is a component.

(Counter diagram labels: Unit Identification, Unit Type, Contingent, Elite unit, Battle Strength.)

Elite Units: Some units are designated as elite, which represents highly trained units, an extraordinary leader, or assorted fanatics. See Scenario Rules for examples of counters.

5.0 How to Win the Game

Each scenario will detail specific victory conditions for each player.

6.0 How to Play

The following parameters define game play.

6.1 Turns

The game is played in turns. The turns are recorded on the Turn Record Track (TRT).

Note: The scenario will designate which player is the first player in each game turn.

6.2 Sequence of Play

During each turn, players must follow a specific sequence of play, in the order of phases listed as follows.

First Player Turn

1. Campaign Card Phase: The first player picks one campaign card from his own deck and implements its printed instructions.
2. Recruiting Phase: If an event calls for the first player to recruit units, those units are placed on the map now.
3. March Phase: The first player may move his forces per the movement rule (11.0).
4. Battle Phase: If any of the first player's units are in the same space as any enemy units, those units must attack per the combat rules (13.0).

Second Player Turn 5. Campaign Card Phase: The second player picks one campaign card from his own deck and implements its printed instructions. 6. Recruiting Phase: If an event calls for the second player to recruit units, those units are placed on the map now. 7. March Phase: The second player may move his forces per the movement rule (11.0). 8. Battle Phase: If any of the second player's units are in the same space as any enemy units, those units must attack per the combat rules (13.0). 9. End Turn Phase: If this is the last turn, the game ends. Otherwise, proceed to the next turn. Move the turn marker one space on the TRT.

7.0 Campaign Cards

Players pick and play campaign cards from their respective decks per the sequence of play. A player must pick the top (face down) card from the deck blindly and then place it face up. He uses that card to generate actions for the present game turn. At the end of a player's turn, the drawn card is placed face up in the discard pile. Discarded cards are kept in a separate pile until reshuffling is permitted.

Note: Only one card can ever be in effect at any one time.

7.1 Campaign Card Instructions

Campaign cards have the following information on them.

Recruit: Indicates new or replacement units that arrive on the map.

Important: Newly recruited units may move during the ensuing March Phase if eligible to do so.

Movement: Indicates the type of units that may be moved and how many spaces may be moved.

Event: This may be an instruction that will sometimes give a player a special benefit, or sometimes a penalty. The indicated event occurs in the segment of the turn listed.

Example: An event listed as Recruiting Phase means it is executed during the Recruiting Phase of the player's turn.

If a card states remove from play, once played it is placed aside and never reshuffled back into any deck. Do not place it with the discards.

7.2 Reshuffling

If all cards are discarded, those discards are reshuffled to form a new draw deck, and the deck starts anew. Certain events may cause a reshuffle.

8.0 Events

Events are explained in detail on the cards and are summarized for reference below. Players must read the printed event on each card drawn carefully; there are subtle distinctions in how otherwise similar cards are played.

Immediately: The instructions must be implemented the instant the card is picked.

Battle Bonus: Gives the player some special combat ability when attacking during the upcoming Battle Phase of that turn.

Other: These are special instructions, explained on the cards.

Special Cases: Some events will allow players to circumvent game rules in specific ways, as explained on the cards.

9.0 Stacking

Stacking is when more than one friendly unit is present in a single space. A player may have any number of units in the same space; stacking is unlimited. Units may move through other friendly units without hindrance. Units that move into a space containing enemy units must stop. They must engage in combat in the ensuing Battle Phase.

10.0 Fog of War

A player may not examine the opposing player's stacks, except when his own units are in the same space or permitted by a campaign card or special rules.

11.0 Movement

A player may move his units during his March Phase of his player turn. The types of units and the distance (in spaces) they may move is dictated by the drawn campaign card.

If a campaign card says "All," all that player's units may be moved that turn.

If a campaign card designates certain units (may be by command or type) only those specific units may be moved. More than one type of unit may be listed and all types listed may be moved.

Example: If a card says, "Move cavalry=3" and "Move infantry=2," this means the player can, in the ensuing March Phase of that turn, move all his cavalry units up to three spaces, and all infantry up to two spaces.

Units eligible to move may be moved in any direction, a combination of connected, sequential spaces up to the number indicated on the drawn campaign card. Movement is always voluntary; a unit never has to move. No unit may ever move more than it is permitted to move during the same turn.

Example: The first player could move one infantry unit two spaces, another one space, and a third no spaces.

Units may be moved together as stacks, or individually. After a piece has completed its movement (when the player has removed his hand after moving that unit), that unit may not move again during that same game turn. Different units from different spaces or stacks may be moved into the same space. This is a useful tactic to converge on the same enemy occupied space.

11.1 Movement Restrictions

Terrain: The TEC lists the effects of each type of space on movement. If a space states stop, units entering that space must cease movement in it. They can move out normally on an ensuing turn.

Engagement: A unit may enter a space containing enemy units but must stop. Battle will commence there during the ensuing Battle Phase (13.0).

Important: A player must finish all his intended movement during the March Phase before any battles commence.

Important: Due to the combat mechanics, there will never be a situation where a unit starts its movement in the same space as enemy units.

Static Units: Some units have no movement instructions on any cards. Hence, they may never move.

Contingent Units: Some scenarios will divide armies into two or more contingents. The campaign cards will specify which contingents may move during the March Phase of that turn.

12.0 River Movement

Units must stop when entering a river space (even from another river space). They can leave on a following friendly March Phase.

12.1 Bridging

If a friendly fleet or engineer unit is present in a river space, units do not have to stop when entering.

12.2 Fleets

Fleet units may be placed in river spaces and move along them without stopping. This includes river spaces that have forts, bases, etc. Fleets may move along a contiguous path of river spaces, up to a distance as indicated by the current campaign card. Fleets may never enter non-river spaces. Fleets do not have to stop if there is an enemy force in a river space, unless there is an enemy fleet or enemy occupied fortress, fort or base.

12.3 Fleet Transport

A fleet that starts in a space with friendly land units may embark and transport those land units. Place the land units underneath the fleet counter. The land units move along with the fleet. At the end of that fleet's movement, the transported land units must be debarked. Land units being transported by fleets may not otherwise move in that March Phase. Up to three land units may be transported by each fleet at one time.

12.4 Battle

If any enemy units are present in the last space of a fleet move, a battle occurs there during the ensuing Battle Phase. Land units debark and fight. Fleets fight in the same manner as land units. (13.0.)

13.0 Battle

Battle occurs during the Battle Phase when the player has units in a space also occupied by enemy units. It is mandatory when opposing forces are in the same space.

Each battle must be resolved to completion. The moving player is always considered the attacker, the non-moving player is the defender.

Example: It is the first player's turn, and the first player moves three units into a space where there are two enemy units. The first player's units are therefore the attacker.

13.1 Battle Procedure

The attacker determines the order in which battles will be fought. He resolves each battle individually before proceeding to the next one. Each battle must be resolved according to the following sequence.

1. Determine Tactical Superiority
   • a) Each player rolls one die.
   • b) If a player has any elite unit with his force, add one to his die roll. A maximum of one elite modifier can apply, no matter how many elite units are present.
   • c) If a player's campaign card event specifies, add one to his die roll (in addition to the modifier for elite units).
   • d) The player with the highest modified die roll has tactical superiority for that battle. In the event of ties, the defender has the tactical superiority.
2. Conduct Battle

   • a) The player not having tactical superiority lines up all his units.

   • b) The player with tactical superiority now lines up his units, selects any one. He then rolls the number of dice equal to the unit's battle strength.

     Note: If a unit (such as supply) is printed with a zero-strength number, it may not have any die rolled for it during battle (but may be targeted normally).

   • c) The unit's dice rolls are then compared to the die roll outcome on the Battle Results Table (BRT) to determine results. Results are applied immediately. The player being targeted chooses which unit(s) will be eliminated or panicked.

     Note: An opposing unit eliminated before it has rolled its own combat dice is not eligible to execute combat in that battle. This is the value of having the tactical superiority.

   • d) The player without tactical superiority selects one surviving unit from his force and rolls the number of dice equal to its battle strength. That unit's dice rolls are then applied per (c) above.

   • e) Players continue to alternate fire, rolling for units one at a time. If one side has more units than the other, that player rolls for all excess units after the other's side's last unit has done so.

13.2 Battle Results Table (BRT)

Each battle die roll is resolved using the BRT. Each scenario may have its own BRT. The type of unit that is rolling determines the column to cross index with the die roll.

13.3 BRT Results

BRT results are to be implemented immediately after rolling the dice for each firing unit. A unit is affected by a result regardless of its type or strength.

Elimination: One enemy unit of the targeted player's choice is removed from the map and placed in the dead pile; that unit has been permanently knocked out of the fight.

Panic: One enemy unit of the targeted player's choice is flipped over to its reverse (back) side. It is temporarily knocked out of the fight, and thus may not roll any dice for the remainder of the battle. If a unit was already panicked when it received a panic result, it is treated as an elimination above.

Exception: Units defending in spaces containing fortresses, forts or bases ignore panic results.

No Effect: The die roll achieved no results against any enemy unit.

Note: A player must apply all eliminations before any panics and must apply the eliminations to face-up/unpanicked units first.

13.4 Winning

The battle ends when one side is eliminated and/or panicked. The side with surviving unpanicked units wins the battle. The other side, whose units were all eliminated or panicked, loses the battle. The side that won the battle remains in the space where the battle occurred.

13.5 Losing

The side that lost the battle must move any panicked units to any adjacent space unoccupied by enemy units. If there is more than one panicked unit, they must all retreat together to the same space. Fleets and up to three units in the same space may retreat along river spaces. The land units must be disembarked at the end of that retreat. Units may otherwise not retreat into a river space. Retreating units cannot retreat into an enemy occupied space. If there is not a legal space available to retreat to, the retreating units must be eliminated and placed in the dead pile.

13.6 Rallying

After a battle, flip all panicked units back to their front, unpanicked, face up sides.

14.0 Fortified Defense

If the defending force is in a fortress, fort or base, the defending units ignore all panic results. Eliminations are applied normally. Scenario Terrain Effects Charts will specify who can use specific fortresses.

15.0 Special Combat

Special types of battles may be generated by campaign cards. They are explained on the cards or scenario rules.

16.0 Elite Units

Some units are considered elite and are printed with an "E" symbol indicating their elite status. When defending, elite units are not subject to panic results. They are eliminated like any other unit, if eliminated during a battle (13.1).

Advanced Rules

17.0 Artillery

If one side has more artillery units than the other side, that side adds one to its tactical superiority die roll. Fleets and Gatling guns are counted as artillery for this purpose.

18.0 Breakoff

Certain units may execute a break off during a round of battle. This occurs when those units would otherwise fire. In place of those units firing, the player can attempt to withdraw them from the space. The player moves units that break off one space per the rules of retreat. They are out of the battle and may not be fired on.

A player may have some, none or all qualified units attempt break off during any round. Other units remain in the space and fight. If all units breakoff, the battle ends. Scenarios will designate which units may breakoff. Panicked units may not breakoff.

19.0 Pursuit After Battle

Normally, after winning a battle, the winning units remain in the space they currently occupy. However, this rule allows the winning player to declare a pursuit and conduct a special move.

Pursuit may be declared if the attacker wins a battle; or if all enemy units have conducted a break off (18.0). Leaders and all types of cavalry may perform pursuit; other units may not. Pursuing units may not have been panicked in the battle.

The player may move some, none or all pursuing units via one land route to an adjacent space. They all must move together, and this may be in any one direction. If the enemy retreated, they do not have to move into the space where retreat concluded. If pursuing units end up in a space containing enemy units, they must attack and can again pursue. If the player has other units in the same space, the pursuing units join with them.

20.0 Winning Major Battles & Morale

If a battle involved at least four units from each side (discounting leaders), it is considered a major battle. The player winning a major battle receives one unit of his choice from the Recruit Box, which is then immediately placed in the space with the winning units (but may not then pursue, if a cavalry unit). The player losing the major battle must immediately eliminate any one of his units (of his choice) anywhere on the map. The unit is then placed in the Recruit Box normally.

Note: If units are not available for recruiting or elimination, there is no further effect.

21.0 Supply

Supply affects movement and combat.

21.1 Units in Supply

The following units are always in supply: leaders, supply units, fleet units, and units designated as in automatic supply by the scenario.

21.2 Line of Supply

Other units are in supply if they are in, or within two spaces of a friendly supply unit, a friendly occupied fort, fortress, base, or a friendly fleet. There may be enemy units in the intervening spaces.

21.3 Out of Supply

All other units are out of supply. Out of supply units are affected:

1. A unit that begins a March Phase out of supply has its movement reduced by "1" (to a minimum of one).
2. A unit that begins a battle out of supply has its combat factor reduced by "1" (to a minimum of zero).

22.0 Fort Markers

Certain scenarios will provide a player with fort markers.

22.1 Construction

A player can build a fort in any friendly Recruiting Phase. Scenarios will designate which units can build them. Additionally, the space must be one that would otherwise be supplied (21.0). Place a fort marker in that space. The unit building the fort may not move in the ensuing March Phase. Forts may not be built in spaces containing other forts, fortresses, bases, or at sea. They may be built on rivers. A player may not build more forts than are in the counter mix.

22.2 Combat

Friendly units defending in forts are not affected by panic. Fort markers themselves are not affected by combat results. If all friendly units in the space are eliminated in a battle, the fort is also removed.

22.3 Pulling Up Stakes

A fort is removed from the map if at any time enemy units are in its space and there are no friendly units in it. Also, the owning player may remove a fort during a friendly Recruiting Phase. Dismantled forts may be rebuilt on any following turn.

22.4 Supply

Forts provide supply (21.2).