April's Harvest: The Battle of Shiloh, April 6 & 7, 1862 Rulebook

Table of Contents

April's Harvest: The Battle of Shiloh, April 6 & 7, 1862

Series Rules: Civil War, Brigade Series v3.2

Introduction

The Civil War, Brigade Series games are accurate, readily playable portrayals of specific American Civil War battles at the tactical brigade level.

The intent of this series is to focus on the command aspects of Civil War combat by having players use a game command system that mimics actual events. The game forces interact with each other in ways that simulate the functions of those they represent.

These rules rely at times on the players' common sense and honesty. Game actions that players conduct outside the observation of their opponents require a certain degree of trust between players and a knowledge that each will apply the spirit as well as the letter of the rules.

We make no claims of infallibility. These rules, even in the second edition, contain areas requiring the use of common sense and historical knowledge to interpret rule statements to cover situations not explicitly mentioned.

v3.2 Notes

This edition exists for the simple reason that more CWB rulebooks needed printing. Given that opportunity, the known errata has been corrected along with a handful of changes players had requested.

1.0 Game Components

1.1 The Game Map

The maps of this game depict the actual area in which the battle or campaign was fought. They provide their own terrain keys and informational tracks. To eliminate fault lines and ridges, carefully back-fold the maps and secure them by drafting tape or other non-destructive means to the playing table.

1.1a The Hex Numbering System. This system identifies individual hexes on the game maps. The maps, if a game uses more than one, are lettered A, B, C, etc. A hex number pertaining to a given map begins with the map letter, as in A10.10. The digits before the decimal point indicate the number of the hex row, running along the horizontal dimension of the map from left to right. The digits after the decimal indicate the exact hex along the row found with the first digits, looking from bottom to top. On each map, the grid system extends from the lower left corner. Not every hex is numbered. Each fifth hex (xx.05, xx.10, xx.15) is numbered to create gridlines to follow. To find a specific hex, say A29.17, follow the gridline for xx.15 on map A until you find the 29th hexrow. Then count up two hexes.

1.1b Map Edge Hexes. Edge hexes with at least half of the hex showing are playable. Tiny hex slivers are not. Units forced off the map are destroyed.

1.1c Off Map Movement. Units may not exit the game map and re-enter later, or conduct any type of off-map movement unless the game rules explicitly allow such movement.

1.1d Turn Record Track. This track indicates the passage of time during the game. One marker shows the time of day while another on a second track records the particular day. The first and last turns of daylight have a single number in the time box to indicate the visibility (in hexes) for that turn. The shading on the Turn Record Track indicates night turns. Advance the Turn Record Marker one box during the Turn End Phase; advance the Day Marker at the end of the 12:00 midnight game turn.

1.1e Entry Hexes. Hexes marked with a red circle containing a white letter show where reinforcements arrive. If enemy units block a reinforcement's entry hex, the reinforcement is free to enter at any hex free of enemy units at or within 10 hexes of the scheduled entry hex along any map edge.

1.1f Artillery Ammunition Tracks. These use three markers each to record the expenditure of artillery ammunition for each army. The markers (x100, x10, x1) record the amount of ammunition remaining in hundreds, tens and ones, respectively. Starting amounts are given in each scenario. Some games give players unlimited ammunition and omit these tracks.

1.1g Loss Record Tracks. These also use three markers to record losses (in casualties only, not stragglers or artillery gun losses) for each army. The markers (again x100, x10, x1) record the current number of losses in each army. Each time a side receives one or more casualties, advance the marker by one space for each strength point lost.

1.2 The Rules

There are two rule books in every Gamers' Brand game: Series and Game. The Series Book, which this is, contains the rules generally applicable to all series games. The Game book gives the details needed for a specific game, including special rules, scenarios and set up information. Game-specific rules supersede series rules if they happen to conflict.

1.2a Organization. Rules are numbered by section and case. Each major grouping of rules is a section; a paragraph within a section is a case. For example, section 4, case 2 would be 4.2. A specified case may contain a number of related statements. Parts within a given case are lettered as in 4.2a, 4.2b, etc.

1.2b Repetition. Only where specifically necessary is a rule repeated in every section in which it might have bearing.

1.2c Charts and Tables. The center of this rule book contains certain game tables and sheets. Remove these carefully by bending the staples back, removing the charts, and returning the staples. Players should either photocopy loss charts or prepare them for use according to the "Note on Play" below. Use plain lined paper for Order Logs.

1.3 The Counters

The game's playing pieces, called "counters," represent both the units that actually fought in the battle and "markers" which display bits of information about the game's functions or unit conditions. Carefully punch out all counters, hereafter units or markers, and sort them by type or designation into plastic bags.

1.4 Set Up Notes

Aside from any special notes in the game rules concerning set up, the following are always true:

"w/i X" means to set up a given unit within X hexes of the hex listed.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, leaders may set up with any subordinate unit.
Units set up in any desired formation and facing.
Units may never start the game over-stacked.
Units generally start at full strength.
Except when explicitly stated otherwise, the Confederate Player Turn is always first.
A unit ID notation followed by a "b"—as in RWb—means an artillery battery of that ID. Furthermore, RWb means a 5 gun point artillery unit of RW. Should a battery be something other than a 5 gun point unit, its actual strength will be noted as in RWb (3).
A hex notation to the effect of (hex 1) ex (hex 2) means the unit listed is in hex 1 and has an extended line in hex 2. Likewise, (hex 1) ex (hex 2), (hex 3) means that the unit in hex 1 has extended lines in both hexes 2 and 3.

2.0 Beginner's Note

If you are new to wargames, WELCOME! This is an exciting and intellectually satisfying hobby. Each wargame, while being an enjoyable competitive activity, will also allow you a glimpse of history in action in a way not possible through any other format.

To learn to play, browse through the rules and components. Try to develop a good idea of what exists in the game and where it is located. Then read the rules lightly. Do not try to memorize them! Set up a few units at random and run through the procedures and examples of different play actions. As questions arise, look up the answers in the rules. Try to imagine why a rule is the way it is by applying common sense and your knowledge of history. All rules have at least something in back of them—even if it is only to avoid conflict with other rules. Allow the game to teach itself to you as you look up puzzling items.

After these tentative steps, play shorter game scenarios with a friend, again looking up uncertainties. Before long you will have the game system mastered. Avoid the Command Rules as you learn this system, only using "command radius" to keep things in order. Once you understand the basic structure, include the rest of the command system in your next session. All games in this series can be played without the command rules, so, if you do not find them to your taste, feel free to play without them. However, by imposing significant constraints on a player's freedom of action with his forces, they do add a large degree of realism to the game.

By the time you have mastered this game, you will be able to play any game in this series with little or no rules learning.

3.0 Note on Play

For ease of play, encase Loss Charts in clear plastic report covers, which are widely available. Write on them with overhead projection markers or other markers designed for use on plastic. These provide for easy erasure and re-use.

4.0 Scale

Each hex on the game map equals 200 yards of real terrain. Each day-time turn represents 30 minutes, each night turn one hour. The vertical scale between contours is 30 feet.

Infantry and cavalry units are brigades, artillery units usually 16 gun battalions. A strength point of infantry or cavalry is 100 men. A gun point of artillery is roughly 3 cannons.

This game system makes a simplification in terms of artillery. Cannons are a generic "standard" type. A more detailed artillery structure would only serve to needlessly complicate the game. Also the "battalion" represents the maximum number of cannon which can deploy and fire from one hex—even if during the battle portrayed such artillery organizations did not exist.

5.0 General Game Concepts

5.1 The Word "Unit"

For simplicity, the word "unit" in these rules refers to any infantry, cavalry, or artillery combat unit, including extended lines and detached batteries.

5.2 Retreat Rule

Any time a combat result calls for a retreat, the owning player must execute the retreat in a relatively straight line in a direction which is locally "to the rear." Doubling back and other "game tricks" are not allowed.

6.0 Units

6.1 Troop Units

These units are combat formations of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. They have a facing and one or more formations available. They are subject to the stacking and morale rules.

6.2 Leaders

These units represent individual leaders (named on the counter) and a small escort of staff. Leaders fulfill important command and morale functions. They do not suffer from normal combat or morale results, but instead are subject to a special Leader Loss Table when fired upon. They have no facing or formation and do not count for stacking in any way.

6.3 Markers

Note that no marker has a facing, formation, or stacking restriction. Markers only indicate specific conditions imposed on units and do not suffer fire combat or morale results themselves.

6.4 Extended Line and Detached Artillery Markers

These represent the expansion of troop units to take up more ground space. They suffer fire combat and morale results in the same way as their parent units.

6.5 Fire Levels

Infantry and cavalry units (only) measure their strength in lettered fire levels. Use fire level markers to mark fire levels under the unit counter. Use fire level markers only in situations where B or C fire level units exist—all other units are assumed to have an A or better fire level. Artillery units use the different "gun point" system described later.

6.5a Fire levels range in order (from smallest to largest) C, B, A, AB, AA, AAB, and AAA. The starting full strength of a unit appears on the unit counter. In some games, specific scenarios may call for units to set up with reduced strengths, with some losses already marked off. In these cases, find the unit's starting strength in fire levels on the loss charts after marking off the initial casualties.

6.5b When dividing into extended lines, remember that one A=2Bs, one B=2Cs and one A=4Cs. Therefore, an AB that extends line into two different hexes would have a B in each of the three occupied hexes.

6.6 Loss Charts and Fire Level Change

Each player has one or more Loss Charts to use in order to keep track of losses. To the left of each set of ovals or squares is the current fire level of a unit. Whenever the marks reach a new fire level, change the level marked under the unit. Make any required adjustments to extended lines at that instant.

6.7 Fire Level Markers

These represent the current fire level of infantry and cavalry units. Only mark units with a B or C fire level, all other units are assumed to be an A or better. Keep this current as the Loss Charts require changes. To indicate the Fire Levels applied to extended lines, remove markers from underneath the parent and place them directly under the extended line marker.

6.8 Morale Markers

These represent the current morale state (not to be confused with the unit's permanent morale level which is printed on the counter) of a stack of units. Place the Morale Marker, if any, atop all the units in a hex. All units in a hex subject to morale have the morale state of the marker in the hex. No hex may have more than one morale marker in it.

6.9 Gun and Supply Point Markers

These two functions use the same numeric marker to represent either the number of gun points in an artillery unit or the number of supply points in the wagon. Place these markers under the appropriate unit and adjust them to reflect guns lost or supply points expended.

6.10 Low Ammo and Straggler Recovery Markers

Both of these marker types indicate specific conditions and affect only the unit directly under the marker.

7.0 General Course of Play

A "game turn" is a sequence of steps the order of which is termed "the sequence of play." Each of these steps may involve one or the other of the players according to the terminology "phasing" and "non-phasing." The "phasing" player is the one whose player turn it is currently, the "non-phasing" player is the other. Each player has his own distinct portion of a game turn, and the roles of phasing and non-phasing player switch according to the present player turn. At the end of the sequence of play, advance the turn marker and begin the process again. All game actions must take place strictly according to the sequence of play.

In the roughest sense, play proceeds as follows: The first player, as given in the game rules, conducts his Command Phase. In this phase he issues the orders he desires, checks for new order acceptance, if any are being delivered, and checks for any initiative he might desire. This finished, he now moves all, some, or none of his units based on their formation, movement allowances, orders, and his desire. He may now engage in "close combat" (charges). After his Movement Phase ends, the Fire Combat Phase occurs. This is divided into a Non-Phasing Player Fire Segment and a Phasing Player Fire Segment. First the non-phasing player conducts all the fire combats he wishes, as restricted by these rules; then, the phasing player does the same. Upon the completion of all the fire combats for both players, the phasing player checks his units for rally. The second player then becomes the phasing player and repeats the above sequence. When this process is complete the game turn ends and a new turn begins.

8.0 Turn Sequence

8.1 Outline Sequence of Play

First Player Turn

Command Phase.

Order Issue
Corps Attack Stoppage Checks
Initiative Order Determination
Delay Reduction
New Order Acceptance

Movement and Close Combat Phase

Straggler Recovery Marker Placement
Movement and Close Combat
Ammo Resupply

Fire Combat Phase

Non-Phasing Player Fire Combat
Phasing Player Fire Combat

Rally Phase

Straggler Recovery
Rally

Second Player Turn

The Second Player Repeats the above.

Game Turn End Phase

Game Turn Marker Advance

8.2 Narrative Sequence of Play

First Player Turn

Command Phase

Order Issue — The phasing player may generate any orders he chooses, paying for each with command points, up to the limit of the command points available. He then logs these orders on the Order Log Sheet and notes their arrival times. See 10.1.

Corps Attack Stoppage Checks — Any of the phasing player's corps which received small arms fire (not just artillery bombardment) in the previous turn, and are carrying out an attack order, must check to see if the attack continues. If a stoppage occurs, the corps may either halt in place or conduct a turn of movement to the rear and then halt. The phasing player conducts this movement in the Movement and Close Combat Phase of this player turn. Units of corps which fail their corps attack stoppage check must be outside small arms range at the end of the following Movement and Close Combat Phase. See 10.3.

Initiative Order Determination — The phasing player may roll for any of his leaders whom he wishes to obtain initiative. Leaders who successfully obtain initiative accept (corps leaders must "touch base" to implement initiative orders in order to put them into effect) orders as desired. See 10.2.

Delay Reduction — Any phasing leaders who have orders in any type of delay status now check to end that status. If a delay ends, the leader accepts the order and may act on it. See 10.1f.

New Order Acceptance — Roll to see if phasing player orders delivered this turn are accepted, delayed or distorted.

Movement and Close Combat Phase

Straggler Recovery Marker Placement — On an hour turn the phasing player may mark units meeting the conditions of straggler recovery to attempt to recover stragglers. See 21.2.

Movement and Close Combat — The phasing player checks his units for correct command radius. Phasing units may now move and conduct close combats based on their movement abilities, formations, and order restrictions. See 16.0, 23.0.

Ammo Resupply — Phasing units which are at low ammo and close enough to a supply wagon to conduct resupply may do so. Wagons close enough to the Army Supply Train may refill. See 28.0.

Fire Combat Phase (see 20.0)

Non-Phasing Player Fire Combat (Defensive Fire Phase) — The non-phasing player may fire all of his units that can based upon their formation, LOS, location and other restrictions.

Phasing Player Fire Combat (Offensive Fire Phase) — The phasing player repeats the above for his units.

Rally Phase

Straggler Recovery — Phasing units which are still marked with Straggler Recovery Markers, may attempt to recover stragglers. After each attempt, remove the Straggler Recovery Marker. Erase any recovered stragglers from the player's Loss Chart and make any required changes in fire level markers. See 21.2.

Rally — The phasing player converts all shaken units to normal, disorganized units to shaken, and checks to see if routed units recover to disorganized or if blood lusted units revert to normal. See 24.5.

Second Player Turn

The Second Player repeats the above for his units.

Game Turn End Phase

Game Turn Marker Advance

8.3 Close Combat Subsequence

A) Attacker enters hex at +1 MP cost B) Defender's Fire Combat, apply losses and stragglers C) Attacker's Fire Combat, apply losses and stragglers D) Attacker Checks Morale at -6, if required to retreat combat ends E) Defender checks morale at -4, if required to retreat combat ends and the defender makes the "additional" morale check F) Odds Table used if neither of the above ends the combat. Loser retreats 1 hex if attacker, 2 if defender. The defender, if loser, must make the "additional" morale check.

9.0 Fog of War

In order to increase the reality of the game's simulation in the minds of the players, keep the following secret from your opponent:

a. Casualty, straggler and wrecked status of brigades and divisions. b. Orders, status of order delivery, or plans. c. The morale of your units. d. The current fire levels of your units.

Players may never examine the stacks of the enemy. They are (of course) aware of the top unit in the stack—usually a leader or infantry unit. While unable to examine for himself the enemy stacks, a player may ask if a stack contains troops, artillery, or both. When asked, the owning player must give the correct answer (from this list of three).

Optional: Players may decide to allow this question only when the asking player has units with an LOS into the questioned hex. Since this restriction can bring up a number of sticky problems, this use is not recommended.

10.0 Command and Control

These command rules strive to be realistic but not overpowering. They embody quite simple concepts and make the game system play in a way that simulates reality well. Note that players may, as an option, play any of these games without these rules (other than Command Radius, which in all cases should be used).

10.0a HQ Units and Leader Positioning. Corps HQ units are the administrative hubs of their corps. Divisional leaders must stack with a unit of their division at the end of every Movement and Close Combat Phase (unless no such unit exists, in which case they are removed from play). Corps leaders have no such requirement. In order to implement a newly accepted order from either the army commander or initiative, the corps leader must enter the hex of his corps HQ (at least momentarily). The instant the leader "touches base," the order is implemented—in other words a leader with a new order could "touch base" as the first thing in movement and that action would allow the corps to function on its new orders in that turn. Upon accepting an order, the leader must make his way to his HQ to implement it—a player who stalls the implementation of an unwanted order by dallying with the leader is cheating. Otherwise, corps leaders are free to move about as desired. Army commanders send orders to the Corps HQ unit, not to the corps leader.

Example: Council of War. Say a player moves all of his corps commanders to the hex containing the army commander. This does not require any orders. Once his subordinates are there, the army commander begins issuing orders as fast as his command points allow. These orders are all "in-person, verbal" in nature and subject to the best possible chance at acceptance. The orders are delivered at the instant they are written. In the subsequent New Order Acceptance Phase, the corps commanders lucky enough to be first in line attempt to accept their orders. Even though orders have been accepted, each corps will not begin to function until the corps commander enters the hex of his HQ—he need not stay longer than move through the HQ's hex, but he must make an appearance.

10.0b Command Methods. In general, the command system works as follows: the army commander uses his command points to generate the orders he wants, writes these on scratch paper, and records them on the Order Log. The orders take a given amount of time to arrive at the corps HQ (based on the distance when they were written). Upon arrival, the player checks them for acceptance. At this point, the orders may be delayed, distorted, or accepted. Once accepted they must be acted on in good faith, even if game conditions have changed. At the corps and divisional levels, leaders may cancel or self-issue orders by using initiative. Initiative works best for its historically useful role of taking advantage of fleeting opportunities or acting to forestall disaster. Overuse of initiative invites the application of the "loose cannon" rule which may cause a disaster, so use initiative sparingly and never as a substitute for the order system of army command.

10.0c HQ Units. HQ units share characteristics of both markers and combat units. These units move as leaders, do not count for stacking, have no ZOCs or combat ability, and remain unaffected by morale results of units with which they stack (note: HQs in a stack which is forced to retreat because of a morale or close combat result may retreat with the stack at the owning player's discretion). They never check morale on their own. Corps HQs which are overrun (have enemy units enter their hex) are not destroyed, but displace to the nearest friendly stack of the same command. In the following turn, the entire command of the displaced corps HQ must execute an emergency corps retreat and do a straggler check. When the Army HQ is overrun, it is flipped to its 'Move' side and placed with any friendly unit. Displacing the Army HQ does NOT cause the entire army to retreat. Generally, corps HQ movement is strictly dependent on the current orders of their corps. HQs may not move without orders to move. If a corps has orders, the HQ may move freely within them—separate orders covering the HQ are not necessary. HQs may never be fired upon or destroyed.

10.1 Orders

Orders are the heart of the main command system of this game series. Players prepare orders in writing as instructions to the corps (generally) as to what they are to do. An order is not a hex by hex record of movement. It is the actual wording in the same form as the historical orders.

The general sequence of events in the life of an order is as follows: the player's commanding general has a number of command points available based upon that leader's rating. The player uses these points as desired to pay for orders he wishes to produce. Orders cost a number of points depending on their exact structure and the method of delivery. Write the order on scratch paper (the order sheet) and record it on the order log (a sheet of lined notebook paper with the column headings listed on page 1 of the Charts and Tables). The player calculates the turn of arrival according to the distance from the army commander to the receiving corps HQ and records that turn on the order log. On that turn, he checks the order for acceptance. Once accepted, the order is implemented the instant the corps commander re-enters his HQ's hex. Leaders which have no HQs (such as divisional leaders) implement orders instantly upon acceptance.

10.1a Order Structure—Type and Method. Each order must be classified as either Complex or Simple. A complex order is one requiring movement to, into, or around areas of enemy control or tacit control (e.g. a gap) whether or not this movement will require combat. A complex order allows offensive combat. A simple order is one that does not fit the conditions of a complex order and it does not allow for offensive combat. Note that simple orders do not preclude defenses. Method refers to the physical structure of the order, i.e. either written out or oral in presentation and to be delivered either by an aide or in person. All game orders are written on paper, but the player may choose to issue "oral" orders to his units so as to expend fewer points. Players can assemble their orders as desired, as long as they assign each of the above elements. In person orders are always oral in method. Aides may deliver oral or written orders. In addition to affecting the cost of the order, these factors influence the speed of acceptance.

10.1b Order Costs. Players write orders using command points. Each army commander possesses a certain number of command points based on his leader rating. Order costs appear on the Order Costs Chart. Determine the cost of a given order by the point total of its selections from each of the three categories (Method and Type). Each category must have one and only one selection. Order costs must be payable in full with the player's available command points. Command points may not be saved from turn to turn and are wasted if unused. The full allocation of command points is available each turn, and all, some, or none may be used. A player may write any number of orders in a turn as long as he has sufficient command points available.

10.1c Order Format and Writing. Orders are written at the player's convenience and in a manner in which the player is comfortable and understands. The written content of the order may be as detailed or brief as desired as long as the player can interpret his own orders so as not to make them "pliable" and subject to changing meaning based on circumstances. On the order log, all orders must have an order number (the line on the order log in which they are recorded) and information giving the sender, receiver, order type and time sent. Complex orders also require a start time or signal, a general direction or path of movement, and a reasonable limit ending the operation. The player may skip writing the start time or signal for such orders—if no such specific detail exists in the order, the order must begin to be fulfilled immediately upon acceptance and implementation. "Open-ended orders" (attack west!) are not allowed: they are much too vague.

10.1d Order Records. Orders must be recorded on the Order Log (lined notebook paper). The Order Log's primary functions are to remind the player of when to check an order for acceptance and to give a concise location of the variables pertaining to that order for purposes of acceptance.

Example: Order Writing. The following are all acceptable orders, each written with a minimum of detail:

"Take your corps and move down the Battery Road to the Thomas House. When you get there, set up a defensive line facing north." (Simple)

"Move via the Thomas House on the Green Road to attack the enemy in the vicinity of the Big Hill. Attack to capture the Big Hill." (Complex)

"Move across the ford to the area south of the Big Hill, report to 2nd Corps HQ and await further orders." (Simple)

"Attack along the Red Road toward the Big Hill. Assist 3rd Corps in capturing the Big Hill." (Complex)

"Move into position along side 3rd Corps, advance with them to cover their flank." (Complex)

"When 2nd Corps attacks, attack to capture the Blue House and cut the Big Road from enemy use. When you get there, set up a defense straddling the Big Road facing north." (Complex)

10.1e Order Delivery. Orders may be delivered by aide or in person. In person delivery may only occur if the sender and receiver are in the same hex. In person orders are received the turn they are sent. For orders to be delivered by an aide, calculate the number of movement points a leader would need to expend to travel between the sender and the receiver's corps HQ. Divide this number by 10 and round up any fractions. The result is the number of turns the order will take in transit. Add this number of turns to the current turn to determine the time the order will arrive and record this information on the order log.

10.1f Order Acceptance. Acceptance is a measure of how quickly the receiving leader reacts to the new orders. Upon receipt, orders may be accepted, delayed for a number of turns, or distorted.

The Acceptance process is as follows: using the Acceptance Table, calculate the acceptance number according to the line above the table. Use the acceptance number to determine the table column to use. Shift the Acceptance Table column one to the left if the command rolling for acceptance currently has any type of order. Roll two dice. The result is the acceptance of the given order and should be recorded on the order log. Note that even if the order is instantly accepted, it does not become implemented and usable until the receiving corps commander touches base in his HQ's hex.

Procrastination (optional) — A player may automatically check for acceptance only those orders received which are to be acted on in the next hour or less. Orders which are to be acted on more than one hour from the current time may not roll on the Acceptance Table unless the receiving leader rolls for, and gets, initiative. If the leader cannot get initiative, the order cannot be checked for on the Acceptance Table until it becomes one hour or less away from action. The player may have the leader check for initiative each turn (until the one hour mark makes acceptance rolls automatic) to see if he can try to accept the order.

Delay. A delayed order is one that is the subject of some foot-dragging or preparation time before action. Once delayed, an order becomes accepted by rolling one die per turn. The phasing player makes this "Delay Reduction Roll" during subsequent Command Phases starting on the turn after the Acceptance Table produces the delay result. Alternatively, initiative or the receipt of another, different order may cancel a delayed order. The receipt of any new order (accepted or delayed) automatically cancels any pending order (D1, D2), but leaves a previously accepted order in place until the new one is accepted. Two types of delay are possible, type 1 and type 2. Each requires a successful roll on one die to remove. Remove D1 on a roll of 1 to 2 and D2 on a roll of 1. Once the delay is lifted, the order is accepted.

Distortion. Distorted orders are completely misunderstood and eliminated. Note that distortion may occur even in in-person verbal orders.

10.1g Following Orders. It cannot be overstated that orders must be followed as originally intended, even though game circumstances may have changed. These represent wartime combat orders in a society heavily influenced by notions of glory and honor which may seem quaint today. Players should never rethink their own orders to find loopholes which allow them to "get away with" something. Orders can be followed with a modified degree of enthusiasm (so as to avoid disaster), but their intention, scope, or original purpose should not be altered. Players unable to cope with the responsibility and honesty this rule requires will probably want to play without the written order rules.

10.1h Actions which do not require orders. Many game functions do not either require orders or need be mentioned in orders to be conducted. These are (but may not be strictly limited to):

Officer movement and functions
Fire, Close Combat, Straggler Recovery and Rally
Supply trains and wagon functions
Artillery functions such as fire, movement within radius, etc.
Movement, facing and formation functions of units not requiring the movement of the corps HQ

Note: Once a corps HQ is in position, it is literally "bolted to the ground" and cannot be moved short of new orders, initiative, or an emergency retreat. HQs may move along freely during the execution of an attack order or other orders which require movement—but are again bolted to the ground when their orders are fulfilled.

10.1i Pre-Set Orders. These orders represent the commander's initial plan of action for the battle. They are not required, but an excellent player may be able to win the battle with these orders alone. The player writes and logs these orders before the game begins and may make any number of them at that time without regard to command points. These orders are accepted before the game begins.

Example: Order Logging and Acceptance Procedure. The player made the following entry into his Order Log:

Number	Arrival Time	Receiver	Sender	Type	Method	Status
1	10:00	Forrest	Bragg	Com	AW

This order, it tells us, will arrive at Forrest's HQ at 10:00, was sent by Bragg, is a complex order, was sent aide-written. Such an order would cost eight command points to write.

It is now the New Orders Acceptance Phase of the 10:00 turn. The player notes that order number one has arrived. He now checks for acceptance. Forrest is rated a four and Bragg a zero. The dice roll on the Acceptance Table will be made on the 3-4 column (it is a three). Two dice are rolled, giving a seven. The result is D1. The player marks "D1" under the status column for order number one.

In the next turn's Delay Reduction Phase the player rolls one die for order one. He rolls a two which means the delay has been reduced and the order is accepted. The "D1" under status is erased and an "A" for accepted is written instead. As the first thing during movement Forrest makes a quick trip to move through his HQ's hex and implements the newly accepted order. Forrest may now execute order one with his command.

10.2 Initiative

Unless specifically prohibited by the game rules, leaders may use initiative to cancel existing orders or acquire orders when they have none. It is the act of a leader giving himself orders. The player handles initiative orders like any other, except that they do not cost Command Points to create, do not need to be delivered, and are automatically accepted. Corps leaders must make a trip to their HQ to implement orders given to themselves via initiative. Note that in the case of loose cannon, the enemy player moves the corps leader into the HQ's hex, so that no foot dragging occurs.

10.2a A leader's successful initiative roll simultaneously cancels old orders and issues new ones. A separate roll for each function is not required.

10.2b Initiative orders, once given, must be followed like any other order, unless cancelled by more recent orders or further initiative use.

10.2c Only Wing, Corps, and Divisional leaders may use initiative. The Army Commander may only issue formal orders. Furthermore, in a single turn, only one leader may attempt to get initiative for a given formation. Therefore, if a divisional leader rolls for initiative, whether he gets it or not, the corps commander may roll for initiative only for his other divisions. If the Corps Commander rolls first, divisional commanders under him may not roll at all. It is usually best to work from the bottom up when rolling for initiative, just so the player does not inadvertently close any doors!

10.2d Getting Initiative. First, determine the number of Initiative Points a leader has available. IPs equal the Leader's Rating + any Anti-Initiative Ratings given in the game rules which affect the given leader — that is, all those above him. Use this total to determine which column to use on the Initiative Table. Roll two dice. If the dice roll equals the number on the table or more, the leader has initiative. If, however, a 2 is rolled, the leader becomes a "loose cannon," see 10.2g below.

10.2e Anti-initiative. Corps and army leaders may be given anti-initiative ratings in the game rules to limit initiative use. If none are given, the assumed value for all leaders is 0. A leader's anti-initiatives remain in effect if he becomes a casualty or is off map for whatever reason. See also 10.6d.

10.2f Initiative-Based Orders. Initiative only bypasses the normal acceptance procedure. Players must still record and faithfully follow initiative-based orders, as they would any other order. Note that leaders may assign divisional goals in this way. Initiative may not be used to issue a commander orders which are currently in delay status to that leader—only for different orders.

Example: Getting Initiative. Longstreet wants to get initiative. He has a rating of 2 which gives him 2 initiative points. Lee has an anti-initiative of -1 which reduces the initiative points to a 1. To get initiative, Longstreet must roll an 11 or 12 on two dice. If he manages to roll a 2, he becomes a loose cannon.

Assume Longstreet blows his roll (he rolls a 4). Hood, one of his division commanders now wants to take charge and get initiative for his division. However, according to 10.2c, Hood is unable to try for initiative this turn (since Longstreet tried for the entire corps) and will have to await the next turn.

10.2g Loose Cannon. To recreate the historical tendency to avoid excessive initiative (and, hence, lack of control), the concept of a "loose cannon" is used. Whenever a leader rolls for initiative and rolls a two, he becomes a loose cannon (he himself, and all assigned units, that is). Upon the leader's becoming a loose cannon, the owning player must notify his opponent of the fact and tell whether the leader has accepted orders currently (but not what those orders are). The opposing player now issues an order to the affected force to move for one turn in the direction of his choosing. The owning player conducts the actual movement, but must follow the order issued by the enemy. This order cancels any orders the affected force may have had, leaving it in a no-orders status afterward. The movement may be an attack, retreat, or any other type of activity. The owning player must follow this order with a reasonable amount of gusto—leaders usually do not drag their feet in executing their own orders! This does not mean the command must wreck itself in futile close combats, etc., only that a reasonable amount of force be applied in execution. The opposing player cannot order the unit to attack units on its own side.

10.3 Corps Attack Stoppage

Corps Attack Stoppage represents the failure of an attack in the mind of the attacking commander. This type of failure occurs frequently because the commander is surrounded by the dead and wounded of his attack, the chaos of the rear of the battle line, and many exaggerated reports of the grim events on the front. He is, much more than the game player, reluctant to push the attack down to the last man.

10.3a For any command executing an attack order, beginning with the first Command Phase following the first turn in which any units of the attacking force are fired upon by infantry or cavalry units, the command must make a Corps Attack Stoppage check. A player may never voluntarily fail a Corps Attack Stoppage roll. In games where a corps command structure does not exist and no "wing" replacement is made, use 10.3d at all times.

Procedure: Make this check on the Corps Attack Stoppage Table. Cross index the number of wrecked divisions in the corps against the total number of divisions currently (i.e., count attached ones) in the corps. The original corps commander, if killed, wounded, or reassigned to a higher command during the game, counts as an additional wrecked division. This number indicates the column of the next table. Cross index this number with the current corps leader's rating. The number then found is the minimum roll required on two dice to pass the check.

10.3b Results of Corps Attack Stoppage Checks. If its commander passes the check, the corps continues to attack as before. If he fails, the corps must stop the attack and await new orders. The owning player may retreat the corps for one turn, if desired. After this free retreat, the corps HQ may not move again until it receives new orders or executes an emergency retreat. Note that regardless of whether the corps HQ retreats, all units of the corps must be outside small arms fire range of any enemy units at the end of the Movement and Close Combat Phase of the turn in which the Attack Stoppage occurs. After it meets this restriction, the corps would require new orders to re-engage the attack. Units found to be violating this restriction are retreated by the enemy player the number of hexes required to be outside of small arms range.

10.3c If wing formations exist in the game, check the game rules for any special conditions which apply Corps Attack Stoppage to these command structures.

10.3d Divisions of a corps which are operating on the map before the arrival of their corps HQ make Corps Attack Stoppage checks normally except that corps size is determined using only those divisions actually on the map. If any division commanders in such a situation are killed or wounded, add one to the wrecked division total. Divisional stoppage does not equal corps attack stoppage. Therefore, should the corps HQ (and presumably other divisions of the corps) enter the map later with attack orders, the stopped divisions on map must join in the corps attack orders (after the division commander reenters command radius, that is).

10.3e Divisions acting on divisional goal attack orders must roll as outlined in 10.3d, as a corps consisting of one division which is either wrecked, or not. Any Corps Attack Stoppage by the parent corps has no effect on divisions acting on divisional goals—they continue their attack and roll separately.

10.3f Any attack stoppage roll made at night receives an additional -3 modifier.

Example: Corps Attack Stoppage Procedure. After its first turn in rifle combat an attacking corps must check for stoppage. The corps has 3 divisions and none of them are wrecked. The corps commander is fine and is rated as a 3. Checking the Corps Attack Stoppage Table, the player determines that he must roll on the 1 column of the second table by cross-indexing 3 divisions in corps with 0 wrecked divisions. Since the leader is a 3, the second table tells him that he must roll a 3 or more to pass. He does this handily.

Several turns of bloodbath later, we find the same corps with all three of its divisions wrecked and the corps commander mortally wounded. This time the first table generates a column 4 for the corps (3 wrecked divisions plus 1 for the commander cross-indexed with 3 divisions in the corps). The second table generates a required dice roll of 11 or more (Column 4, the new corps commander is a 1), which the player fails miserably. Had this roll been required at night, he would have had to roll no less than a 14 on two dice—in other words, he doesn't stand a chance.

10.4 Emergency Retreat

Without orders or initiative, any corps or wing formation may execute an "emergency retreat." This formation must be under a threat of being surrounded or destroyed, or a command might have an emergency retreat forced on it by some enemy action—such as having its HQ overrun. The judgement of when this is appropriate is in the hands of the owning player (except in the latter, forced case). Units doing so immediately accept de facto orders to retreat one turn's movement to the rear—that is, the corps HQ may retreat from 6 to 13 MPs, with other units following as they are able. The exact number of MPs retreated by the HQ is in the hands of the owning player; units need only move far enough as to remain within command radius—which might mean little or no actual retreat for some units. He may use (or not use) roads, etc. as he wishes. Remember, this retreat is a controlled command event, not a rout. Upon completion of this one turn's movement, the formation is considered without orders. Further emergency retreats may be conducted if the formation's safety remains in, or again enters, doubt. Any orders the retreating corps may have had are negated and the corps must accept new orders to conduct the same or other operations. The same emergency corps retreat rules and conditions also apply to units which are independent or under divisional goals.

Game rules may assign a victory point penalty for this maneuver. In addition to any victory point damage done by emergency retreats, all sub-units within the retreating formation must conduct a straggler check upon the decision to conduct an emergency retreat. Make this check on the lesser of the two Straggler Table columns, the 1/2 to 1 fire loss column, and apply any appropriate modifiers.

Note that the direction of an emergency corps retreat is not affected by the standard retreat rule (5.1) since it is a voluntary movement.

10.5 Below Corps Command and Control

Two methods exist for controlling units below the corps level. The first and most common is for units to remain within the proper command radius of their division commander and/or corps HQ, in which case they may move and fight as desired as long as they do not violate the spirit of the current corps orders. The second is the use of divisional goals which frees units from command radius by assigning them orders directly.

10.5a Command Radius. Check command radius at the very beginning of the Movement and Close Combat Phase; units in radius at that time are considered to be in radius for the rest of the phase. (But note that attackers in close combat must be within command radius at the moment of a close combat, as per 23.1b). Calculate command radius distances in the movement points a leader would need to travel from one point to another. The points involved depend on the type of unit and level of command radius involved. In counting movement points, only those hexes a friendly leader could move through can be used. Therefore, impassible terrain, enemy units and EZOCs affect command radius. Friendly units negate EZOCs for this purpose. Units expected to be within command radius (not under divisional goals or army orders), but which aren't, must expend all their available movement to reenter radius each turn until they do so.

A. Brigade to Division Radius. Brigades must always be at or within 4 MPs of their division commander. For a brigade with extended lines, only one hex of the brigade line need be within range.

B. Division Leaders, Artillery Units to Corps HQ Radius. At a range of 8 MPs or less from their corps HQ, these units and their subordinates function normally. No unit may move intentionally (with the exceptions below) outside this range. Note that command radius may extend a maximum distance of 8 MPs between a corps HQ to a divisional leader and then a further 4 MPs to the brigade from the division leader. Units need not be within any required range from the army HQ.

C. Command Radius and Order Acceptance. When a corps accepts orders, divisions and other corps units within radius of the HQ must immediately implement the orders which the corps received. Divisions must maintain their previous order until they are within command radius of their Corps HQ, if out on a divisional goal or coming on as reinforcements. Orders do not need to be issued from the corps HQ to units as long as they are within radius.

10.5b Divisional Goals. A divisional goal is an order to conduct a specific task or mission given a division (or cavalry brigade) which allows it to function beyond normal command radius.

A unit following divisional goals is exempt from normal command radius (distance to corps HQ for divisions, distance to division commander for cavalry brigades).

Division, corps, wing, and army commanders may assign divisional goals. Commanders may assign goals to their cavalry brigades or artillery units. You may assign goals when the appropriate leader (i.e. one that is in the unit's chain of command) stacks with the division commander (or actual unit, in the case of a cavalry brigade or artillery unit). Usually, divisional goals are assigned using initiative. The army commander, however, sends them directly to the division commander like any other order using Command Points and acceptance. A division's own commander may "self assign" a divisional goal by using initiative. Lastly, divisional goals may be assigned as a part of orders accepted by the corps from the army commander—in effect, he tells them to do X and Y, and while they're at it have division A screen Z. When a corps accepts such an order, the division automatically accepts the divisional goal (provided it is within command radius and not out under some other divisional goal).

Divisional goals created by initiative are automatically accepted when given and may be acted on immediately. Those sent as orders from the army commander must undergo normal order acceptance. Goals sent as orders to individual cavalry brigades or artillery units use a receiver rating of 2.

Jot down divisional goals so they may be properly followed.

A divisional goal must be followed until A. the division reenters command radius and the player wishes to remove the divisional goal and revert back to normal corps orders, B. the divisional goal is changed by initiative, or C. the division is issued another divisional goal by an appropriate source.

Units attacking under divisional goals must always check for Attack Stoppage as "corps of one division" with the divisional commander counting as a corps commander would if he is a casualty.

Artillery units may be given divisional goals by their commanders and higher leaders. Handle artillery goals in the same way as any other. Division commanders may not assign divisional goals to artillery units—unless the artillery unit happens to be part of the divisional leader's division.

10.5c Independent and Detached Units. Certain units in the game are listed as "independent." Independent units are never bound by radius restrictions, never need orders, and are always considered to be in proper command. Detached units, on the other hand, have their status determined by the player. A player may detach divisions to the control of other corps. The army commander must issue an order to the owning corps commander to detach a division (with instructions about which corps the division will become assigned to). Once detached, these units function normally as part of the corps to which they are assigned. Generally, only divisions may be detached and they must be detached as a whole. Game specific rules may put limits upon the ability of the player to detach units or allow detachment of individual brigades. Artillery units may be attached to a specific division and function as one of the division's brigades. Cavalry brigades may be detached from their parent divisions and reassigned. The owning player juggles detachments and reassignments during any segment of his Command Phase. Change the ownership of troops at that time, if desired, by simply making a note of the change. Each game may provide special rules regarding detachments.

10.5d No Corps Organization? In games where there is no functioning corps HQs or when divisions are off on divisional goals, the divisional commander functions like a corps HQ. He is bolted to the ground when there are no orders requiring movement (just like a corps HQ). When this rule is applied, the divisional commander is freed from the "must stack with one of his brigades" restriction.

10.6 Army Command

These rules restrict what the army commander can do and reduce the flexibility (also give meaning to) the army HQ. All these rules exist to counter player techniques seen in many games over the years.

10.6a Army HQ Movement. The army HQ can only move if it has orders to do so. The orders must require the HQ to move to a specific hex. These orders (AO type for practical purposes) must come from the army commander while he is stacked with the HQ. The HQ accepts these orders as if it was a leader with a 2 rating. The Army HQ cannot use "initiative" to move itself. The army HQ is considered to be 'moving' from the moment it accepts an order to move until it has accomplished the specified movement and has been in the destination hex for one entire game turn. While moving, the HQ cannot issue any orders, nor can it 'recharge' the army commander's IPV allowance (see 10.6b).

10.6b Army Commander Orders. There are only two ways the army commander can issue orders: IPVs while away from his HQ or AO/AW ones sent from the army HQ (with the one exception in 10.6c below).

The army commander has an IPV allowance. He can leave the Army HQ freely to make an IPV order. However, only one such order to one recipient will expend this IPV allowance. He can recharge this allowance by spending one complete game turn in the (non-moving) Army HQ's hex. This use and recharge process can happen as many times as the player desires during the course of a game. With the exception of 10.6c, the army commander can never issue an IPV while in the HQ's hex.

While stacked with his (non-moving) HQ, the army commander can issue AO/AW orders as desired (note that he cannot do this while away from the HQ).

10.6c Conferences. The Army commander can conduct one "conference" in any given historical day. To hold a conference, move all the desired corps commanders to the army HQ's hex. The army commander can then issue an IPV order to the entire group (the same order is received by each attendee). The order cost is that of a single order of the type issued.

11.0 Formations

Combat units generally have two formations which they can adopt, one beneficial to movement and the other to combat. Leaders, HQs and Wagons have only one formation. A unit may never be in more than one formation at a time. Units generally change formation only during the friendly Movement and Close Combat Phase; at other times formation may change after combat results. Some morale results may cause a formation change as part of the execution of the result. When voluntarily changed during movement, formation change costs one or more movement points as given on the Movement Chart. Some formation changes may occur in hexes adjacent to enemy units. However, such changes may initiate a free fire combat by all enemy units within range and LOS (provided they are otherwise able to fire) on the changing unit in the old or new formation, as chosen by the enemy player. Artillery must limber to execute any retreat result from the Morale Table. Such limbering in a ZOC or close combat requires a roll on the Gun Loss Table.

11.1 Available Formations

Infantry units may be in line or column. Cavalry units have a line and a mounted formation. Artillery units may be either unlimbered or limbered.

11.2 Effects on Movement

Each formation/unit type is assigned its own movement allowance on the Movement Chart. Line formations may not use bridges to cross rivers and creeks, but may cross at fords. Units in column, mounted or limbered formation may cross rivers and creeks using bridges at no additional cost. Unlimbered batteries cannot move. Note that both the movement point allowance and point costs for terrain vary according to formation.

11.3 Effects on Fire Combat

Certain formations may not conduct fire combat and others are limited in their abilities to do so. These restrictions are given on the Formation Effects Chart. Units in column or mounted have the option of automatically switching formation when fired upon (after the fires are resolved). Such a formation change does not initiate further fires upon the changing unit.

11.4 Effects on Morale

As recorded on the Morale Table, certain formations receive modifiers when making morale checks.

12.0 Stacking

Stacking is the placement of more than one unit to be in a single hex. Stacking and unstacking have no effect on movement. Stacking is enforced at the end of any phase containing movement of any sort. Units may temporarily over-stack during movement without additional movement point costs. Stacking is enforced for each side independently of each other during the conduct of close combat.

12.1 Restrictions on Stacking

No more than three A fire levels and 10 gun points may ever stack in one hex at one time. Stacks may be adjusted by the phasing player at any time during his normal movement, or by either player after the conclusion of a close combat.

12.2 Effects on Movement

Units may move as a stack as long as each unit's movement allowance and points spent remain independent of others in the stack. When moving on a road, each unit must move individually and may not end its movement stacked with another unit which also moved on the road in that phase and is still in column, mounted, or limbered formation.

Optional: Players may get a more accurate road column if they allow no more than a B fire level to be in column along any given hex of road. In other words, an AB unit would require three hexes of road space. Use extended line markers to show this column—place the actual unit at the head and mark each following hex with an extended line with the arrow pointing forward. Furthermore, each wagon or artillery unit must take up one full hex of road space.

12.3 Effects on Combat

Only one A fire level and 5 gun points may fire out of a single hex. This total includes all hexsides through which fire takes place. The same limit applies to close combats. Only the top unit in a hex is the target of fire combat (Exception: artillery units may engage enemy artillery selectively regardless of its position in a stack.) Note that the total available to fire from a hex is counted from the top unit down—therefore, in a hex with an AB, an A, and 5 gun points, the first unit can fire an A and the gun points may fire; no greater combination is allowed. If the top unit is less than an A fire level, the next unit in the stack may add its strength to the fire, and so forth, so the stack can fire up to the A fire level limit. The top target unit provides any applicable modifiers to the fire combat for the target stack.

12.4 Effects on Morale

The top unit in a stack provides the morale level for the stack, and this morale level applies whenever a morale check for any of the stack's units is required. The top unit is also the basis for the assorted morale modifiers affecting the stack during morale and straggler checks. Stacks can have but one morale state, marked by the morale marker atop the stack. When units in different morale states stack at the end of movement, or anytime during a retreat (with the exception of displacement), they adopt the worst morale state of any of the parts of the new stack—this rule does not apply when units momentarily stack during movement.

12.5 Effects of Over-Stacking

When discovered, an over-stacked hex is treated as follows: the stack automatically becomes disorganized. If already disorganized, it is routed. Overstacked hexes must be broken up in the next available friendly Movement and Close Combat Phase. Routed units may move one hex to accomplish this. Repeat as needed.

13.0 Facing

All troop units must be aligned so as to "face" a hex-side. All units in a given hex must face in the same direction. Facing defines the front and Flank/Rear of each stack of units and can have critical effects on the outcome of fire combat and morale checks.

13.0a A target receives the flank fire modifiers to the Fire Combat and Morale Tables if at least one of the attacking units' fires enters via a flank or rear hex or along the hexside dividing front from the flank/rear hexes. Note that in this latter case, the defending unit could not fire upon the unit hitting it along the hexside. A unit blocks enemy fire directed along the hexsides defining the hex it is within—in other words, fire cannot be directed along a hexside of an enemy held hex into the flank of another enemy unit.

13.1 Changing Facing

Facing change never costs movement points. Any amount of rotation is allowed in a single facing change. EZOCs have no effect on the ability to change facing. Facing may be altered at will by the phasing player during his normal movement, or by either player after close combat or at the end of a retreat caused by a Morale Table result. Note that facing changes allowed the non-phasing player by participation in close combat occur after the full resolution of the close combat.

13.2 Effects of Facing on Movement and Combat

A unit or stack of units may only fire and conduct close combats through its frontal hexsides, exclusive of the boundary hexsides—a unit may not fire directly to the right or left. A unit or stack may receive fire or defend against close combats from any direction.

14.0 Zones of Control

Troop units in line formation or unlimbered artillery units have Zones of Control (ZOCs) in the hexes adjacent to their frontal hexsides. Routed units never have ZOCs. ZOCs of enemy units are referred to as Enemy Zones of Control or EZOCs.

14.1 Effects of EZOCs

A unit that enters an EZOC during movement, and does not wish to enter an enemy unit's hex to conduct a close combat, must cease all movement for that phase. Entering an EZOC does not cost extra movement points, but any remaining points are lost (unless the unit moves forward into close combat, in which case, the remaining MPs are retained). Units may freely exit any EZOC they occupy at the beginning of their movement, as long as the first hex entered is either a close combat or does not contain another EZOC. Exiting an EZOC, subject to the above restrictions, does not cost movement points or incur fire of any sort. Units may freely ignore one hex of EZOCs (regardless of how many units contribute to the ZOCs in the hex) in order to enter a close combat. In this one case, the hex entered immediately after the negated EZOC hex must be the close combat attack hex.

14.1a Units forced to retreat into an EZOC by morale results automatically draw fire from all units who have an EZOC in the hex entered (except for the first hex of retreat out of a close combat). This does not affect the firing unit's ability to fire at other times in the turn. The target unit may not return fire in any way.

14.1b Friendly units negate EZOCs they occupy only for purposes of tracing command radius and supply. Units attacking in close combat may trace through one adjacent hex containing EZOCs for purposes of command radius.

14.2 Terrain Effects on ZOCs

ZOCs enter all frontal hexes regardless of the terrain of the hex or hexside crossed.

15.0 Retreat and Formation Change Fire Generation

If, during combat resolution, a potential target unit is forced to retreat before receiving fire, it may not be fired upon. In effect, it gets off easy.

15.0a A unit that retreats into an EZOC hex draws fire from all units which the owning player desires who have a ZOC in the hex. Units which are retreating from a close combat are exempt from this retreat fire for the first hex of their retreat.

15.0b Whenever a unit changes formation adjacent to an enemy unit during its regular movement, it is fired upon by all available enemy units (which exert an EZOC into the hex in which the unit is changing formation). Artillery limbering has its own rule below 15.0d. Note that this rule is intended to affect only those units which change formation under their own power—not as the result of fire combat or morale. The unit receiving fire is considered to be in the least beneficial of the two formations involved for the fire combat. After the resolution of this fire, finish the formation change. The unit may continue to move (if it wasn't routed in the fire combat).

15.0c Infantry/Cavalry brigades in column/mounted formation may change to line formation freely after the resolution of a fire combat against them, and such a formation change does not cause another attack under the provisions of 15.0b. The owning player may execute this "free" formation change at his option.

15.0d Artillery Units are subject to several special conditions when changing formation. Artillery units can never unlimber in an EZOC. Any artillery unit which unlimbers (which cannot be in an EZOC) is fired upon by all otherwise qualified enemy units at or within 2 hexes (including all artillery, infantry and cavalry units, given LOS and facing); the target unit's position in a stack does not matter. The target in this case is still considered to be in limbered formation until the fire combat is resolved. Artillery which limbers never draws fire, but rolls on the Gun Loss Table if doing so in an EZOC.

16.0 Movement

During each player's Movement and Close Combat Phase, the phasing player may move as many or few of his units as he desires. During the Movement Phase, each appropriate unit may move as many or as few hexes as desired within the unit's movement allowance and any restrictions placed on the unit. Non-phasing player units cannot move during the phasing player's movement phase (except due to morale results). Fire Combat, other than that in Close Combat or triggered by formation change in an EZOC, does not occur during the Movement and Close Combat Phase.

Procedure: Move each unit individually or as a stack maintaining its running movement allowance as movement points are expended. This movement must follow a contiguous path through the hex grid. Units may move in any direction or set of directions, but must always be in only one hex at a time.

16.1 How to Move Units

16.1a During a Movement Phase, a player may move all, some or none of his units as he desires.

16.1b Movement is calculated using Movement Points. Each unit expends a number of movement points for each hex entered or hexside crossed according to the Movement Chart. Keep a running total of the number of movement points a unit expends as it moves. If a unit's movement allowance changes according to formation (e.g. mounted and unmounted cavalry), calculate movement point expenditures proportionally and round fractions of .5 or more up, round fractions of .49 or less down.

Example: A unit has 12 MPs in one formation and 6 in another. While on its 12 side, it expends 9 MPs (the 9 MPs includes the cost of formation change) and then flips to its 6 side. It has expended 9/12 of its available movement allowance which is then applied to its 6 MP allowance giving 4.5 which is rounded to 5. The unit has 1 MP remaining. Conversely, the same unit is moving on its 6 side and uses 4 MPs (again, this includes the cost to change formation). This would be a proportion of 4/6 applied to the 12 MP allowance would leave 4 MPs.

16.1c Each unit has a movement allowance, based on unit type and formation, given on the Movement Chart. This is the number of movement points available to the unit in a given phase.

16.1d Movement allowances are completely independent of each other and expenditures of one unit do not affect others. Movement points and allowances, even if unused, may not be transferred from unit to unit or saved for future use.

16.1e A unit starting the movement phase with movement points but having insufficient MPs to enter any adjacent hex may always move one hex. This one hex must not be into a hex that is prohibited, across a prohibited hexside, or into a close combat.

16.2 Terrain Effects on Movement

As per the Movement Chart, each hex and hexside feature in the game costs a varying number of movement points to enter or cross. A moving unit must pay the total required cost before entry, with the "one hex movement" exception above in 16.1e.

16.2a The moving unit may use roads only when crossing a road hexside to enter a given hex. A unit may pay the road movement cost and ignore other features in the hex or hexside crossed.

16.2b A hexside feature that must be crossed and is not negated by a road adds its cost to that of the hex being entered.

16.2c Units may not enter or cross prohibited hexes and hexsides. Units forced to do so are destroyed.

16.2d Forest hexes affect movement if they contain at least two complete tree symbols. The entire hex (including hexsides) blocks LOS if the above is true.

16.2e A unit crossing a hexside which is both an elevation change and a slope or extreme slope pays the movement point cost of the most expensive of these features. These are not cumulative.

16.3 Restrictions on Movement

16.3a Hexes containing enemy ground combat units may only be entered by a friendly unit executing a close combat.

16.3b Only friendly units move during the friendly movement phase. Enemy units may be forced to retreat as the result of combats; this is not considered movement per se and is resolved immediately after the combat is resolved. Retreat movement is not calculated using movement points.

16.4 Effects of Friendly Units

Generally, friendly units have no effect on the movement of other friendly units until the stacking rule is enforced at the end of movement. Units do, however, assume the worst of any mixed morale states in the hex where they are stacked at the end of their movement.

16.5 Effects of Enemy Units

Except in close combat, no friendly unit may ever stack with an enemy unit. Moving units that enter EZOCs must cease movement for the turn, unless the next hex they enter is occupied by an enemy unit and the moving unit desires to conduct a close combat.

16.6 Reinforcements

Reinforcements arrive at the time and entry area listed in the scenario or arrival schedule for the given game. Reinforcements may not be delayed, ignored, or redirected in anyway. They may arrive in any formation.

Move reinforcements onto the map as if they were in a long column extending off the map from the entry hex out. The first unit in the column counts the entry hex as its first hex of movement, the next in line treats it as the second and so on. If the entry hex is a road, the same sort of road is assumed to extend off the map and the reinforcements are in column along it.

Should an entry hex be blocked by enemy units or their ZOCs, reinforcements may arrive anywhere along the map edge at or within 10 hexes from the blocked hex. If one or more hexes of this zone is also blocked by enemy units, add that number of hexes to the outside edges of the zone (if the basic 21 hex zone—10 on either side plus the original blocked hex—has another four hexes blocked, the zone would be 29 hexes wide). When reinforcements are forced to use this entry zone method, all reinforcements enter as if they were just off the map edge and are no longer in a queue awaiting entry (they have deployed). Supply trains (which require a road to move on) may enter on any available road hex in the zone or delay arrival until the original road entry hex is cleared for entry on the owning player's choice. A player cannot use this "blocked entry rule" voluntarily—the enemy must block the original entry hex with a unit or a ZOC to allow this rule to be used.

17.0 Extended Line

Extended Line is a unit which allows large units the ability to bring more of their firepower to bear. Extended line markers literally move out from the parent unit (or back again to return). These extended lines then behave exactly as any other combat unit except that at the end of every phase they must be adjacent to their parent with the arrow on their counter unambiguously identifying the parent. The arrow restriction is not meant also to restrict facing; it is only a method of identification.

Note the ramifications of the above: extended lines have the same facing, movement, morale, combat ability and target characteristics of any other unit of the same type. Extended lines may never be in "Column" or "Mounted" formations. As long as both players understand which extended line belongs to which parent, the "arrow restriction" does not affect the facing of an extended line in any way.

17.1 Restrictions on Extended Line

Infantry and Cavalry units in Line formation with at least a B fire level may extend line. Larger units may extend line into two hexes. No unit may ever have more than two extended lines attached to it, and extended line markers may never extend line or stack with other extended lines. Fire levels must be evenly divided between the parent and any extended lines—with any excess in the parent's hex. No extended line marker may ever exist without at least a C fire level.

17.2 Effects of Extended Lines

17.2a Extended lines behave as any other line unit, with the additional requirement to be adjacent to the parent unit at the end of each phase. Extended lines fire, move, close combat, and have morale as would any unit. Morale results affect only the portion of the unit actually checking for morale, unless the extended line is reabsorbed and then the regular morale effects on stacking are followed. If any part of an extended unit is routed, the entire unit must collapse into the parent's hex and be routed.

17.2b Some morale results (notably retreats of 2 hexes) separate extended lines from their parent units. In such cases, the non-retreating portion of the unit must also retreat far enough (usually one hex) to maintain contact with the retreating part, and the unit displaced in this manner has its morale state worsened by one level. The extended line may never "circle" the parent to avoid causing this displacement. Artillery under the non-retreating portion of the line has no effect on the above. Artillery in such a circumstance need not retreat with the line if the player wishes it to remain in place.

17.2c Extended lines rally as separate units.

17.2d After subtracting losses, apply any required reduction in fire levels to the unit as a whole, and divide remaining fire levels evenly among the parent and all extended lines. If the unit no longer has enough strength to support the extended lines it may have, eliminate one or more extended lines until the unit can support them and place the parent in any of the originally occupied hexes as desired.

17.2e Each part of a brigade in extended line becomes Low Ammo separately. Should the brigade reform in one hex, then the brigade is Low Ammo. Only one supply point is required to resupply a brigade, regardless of extended lines.

18.0 Forced March

Forced march is a method of increasing the speed of marching troops; the cost is additional stragglers.

18.0a Only infantry in column may use forced march. Units must be in column at the beginning of their movement and may not change to line at any time during the current phase. Disorganized or Routed brigades may never force march.

18.0b For one set of two (2) extra movement points, first roll on the 1/2-1 Straggler Table with appropriate modifiers. After taking any straggler losses, the brigade may use the extra MPs.

18.0c To gain a second set of two MPs, roll on the Straggler Table. This time make the roll on the 1 1/2+ column. No more than this total of four MPs may be gained by forced marching.

19.0 Line of Sight (LOS)

Line of Sight (LOS) is the determination of whether two units can see and fire on each other. LOS rules cause most players enough problems that they go either with house rules or by the "seat of their pants." The following is an attempt to give a determination method to be used for borderline cases—when players disagree. In general, LOS tends to be straightforward—it is either blocked or it isn't—but some cases defy easy decision. Use the following in those cases.

Note that in CWB v3.0, the effect of Forest for movement and LOS is hex-based, not symbol based (see 16.2d). For games with the New-style Graphics (In Their Quiet Fields II, April's Harvest, Champion Hill, Gaines Mill, Seven Pines, Malvern Hill, Three Battles of Manassas, and Strike Them A Blow) any hex that contains at least two complete tree symbols is considered to be a forest hex. For older games, a hex is considered to be Forest if 50% or more of the hex has the forest symbol; otherwise it is Clear.

19.1 General Rule

The map's hexes are color coded as to their elevation level. The relationship of these levels is given on the Elevation key on the map. The level of the hex represents the elevation of the center of the hex. Consider elevation changes as gradual changes, not as abrupt right-angles as if formed by "layer cake" blocks of terrain. LOS is determined from the center of one hex to the center of the other. Features intersected by this line may block LOS; those features not on this line will not. The elevation of a hexside is considered to be half the change, if any, between the adjacent hexes, added to the elevation of the lower hex.

19.2 Determining LOS

19.2a Rules of Thumb. Higher terrain than both firer and target always blocks. Same elevations as the higher of the two hexes blocks if it is separated from the higher hex by elevations lower than itself or the unit can be considered to be behind the crest of a ridge or hill. Terrain of elevation between the two hexes' elevations (if different) blocks if the mid-way elevation is closer to the lower one and is separated from the higher by elevations lower than itself. If the rules of thumb do not decide the issue, follow the below.

19.2b Terms and Conditions. elevation — Elevation of terrain including any modifiers, such as trees, buildings, or units. Elevation — The unit's elevation, e.g., the elevation of terrain ignoring any modifiers.

19.2c Algorithm. Decide if each line is true or false and proceed as indicated. Given unit A and unit B (A and B) regardless of which is the firer or target, and a straight line connecting the centers of the hexes of each unit (the LOS) which continues past both points. Terrain is only a concern here if it lies on the LOS line itself, either between the units or past them.

No terrain of higher elevation than A's and B's Elevations exists between them. T: Next line. F: LOS is blocked.
A and B have the same Elevation. T: LOS is not blocked. F: Next line.
Allow A to have the higher Elevation of the two. Terrain exists between A and B of elevation the same as A's Elevation. T: Next line. F: Go to line 6.
This terrain of the same elevation as A's Elevation is separated from A by lower Elevations. T: LOS is blocked. F: Next line.
Either a lower Elevation is closer or the same distance from A to B, than past A or higher Elevations exist past A before reaching lower Elevations. T: Next line. F: LOS is blocked.
Terrain exists between A and B that has an Elevation higher than B's but less than A's, is closer to B than A, and is separated from A by Elevations lower than itself. T: LOS is blocked. F: LOS is not blocked.

19.3 Effects and Restrictions

19.3a LOS is determined in all cases to be either blocked or not blocked. Blocked LOSs do not allow fire combat to occur between the hexes in question. LOSs which are not blocked allow fire combat in both directions. LOS has no other effects.

19.3b Certain terrain features add one to the elevation of a hex in determining blockage. These are forest, orchard, and urban hexes. These hexes add if any part of the hex (including all that hex's hexsides) is crossed. Note that urban hexes do not affect LOSs that skirt their hexsides, unless both hexes are urban. These features add one to the level of the hex for LOS purposes. They do not add to the elevation of units in a hex. Buildings and other minor features are included purely for historical interest, and—unless marked as urban terrain—never affect LOS.

19.3c Units may always fire into or out of, but not through, forest, orchard, and urban hexes. If the elevations work out correctly, it is possible to fire over these features.

19.3d Units add one to the elevation of the hex they are in when determining the LOS of units firing through their hex. Friendly units may never fire "over the heads" of friendly units if those units are adjacent to the target.

19.3e Units or features within a hex which is an end-point of an LOS never block an LOS. Units always have an unblocked LOS into all their adjacent hexes.

19.3f Hexsides allow LOS if the unit could see through at least one of the hexes adjacent to the hexside, except in the case where one of the hexes contains an enemy unit. Hexsides around enemy units are always blocked if the LOS must traverse them (as opposed to crossing them into the enemy unit, when it is the target).

19.4 Visibility

Visibility is given as a number on the Turn Record Track. It is in effect for that turn only and is the maximum range in hexes any LOS may extend. If no number is given, visibility is unlimited. The visibility number for a turn is inclusive, that is, a five hex visibility means ranges up to and including five hexes are allowed.

20.0 Fire Combat

Fire combat is the game's method of recreating battle between opposing units. Fire occurs during the listed combat phases and may be initiated during movement by close combats or formation changes. In the fire combat phases, one player may fire any of his units he desires, individually or in conjunction, then the opposing player may do likewise. Close combats are resolved as they occur, following the Close Combat Procedure.

Play Tip: A way of making the combat resolution system much faster and easier is to roll all the needed dice at once and to read the results as needed. To do this, place the following combination of dice into a dice roller: two large red dice, one smaller red die, one yellow die, one black die (white dots) and one white die (black dots). Using the above dice, they will be read as follows. The two large red dice are for the main combat table. The smaller red one rounds any 1/2 results. The yellow die is for the Straggler Table. The remaining two dice are for the Morale Table with the black die the tens digit and the white die the ones. Use only the results from the dice which are needed according to the Fire Table result—in other words, if the Fire Table result is no effect, ignore all the other dice. This system speeds up play drastically—although it might sound cumbersome at first.

Procedure: For each target hex, the firing player identifies all firing units. On the Fire Point Tables (above the Fire Combat Table), cross reference each firing unit's current fire level or gun points with the range to the target to find the fire points that unit creates. Total these fire points for all units firing onto the same target. Locate this fire point total along the top row of the Fire Combat Table and adjust the column for any of the circumstances listed on the Combat Table Modifiers list above the Fire Combat Table (total all modifiers before applying any). Note that the table is restricted to the columns shown—fires shifted beyond the table are resolved on the last available table column. Resolve the fire combat on the resulting column. Roll two dice. The cross-index between this column and the dice roll is the combat result. Execute this result and make any Straggler or Morale checks.

Detailed Procedure Steps:

Total the Fire Points applied to the target using the Small Arms or Artillery range tables to determine the total points firing. Plus ("+") weapons units use the fire points listed in parenthesis.
Expend one artillery ammo point for each five gun points, or portion thereof, firing.
Find the column of the Fire Combat Table containing the resulting fire point total. Modify this column according to any special circumstances that may exist.
Roll two dice.
Determine the result by cross-indexing the dice roll with the final column.
Round all 1/2 results by an extra one die roll according to the 1/2 Loss Table below the Fire Combat Table. Mark the unit's Loss Chart for losses inflicted.
If the roll on the Fire Combat Table was an 11 or 12, mark all small arms firing units with a Low Ammo Marker.
Roll on the Leader Loss Table for every leader in the target hex.
Make any required straggler check on the Straggler Table. Mark any straggler losses on the unit's Loss Chart.
Make any required morale check on the Morale Table. Execute the result.
Change the target's fire level based on casualties and stragglers incurred.

20.1 Fire Points

Fire points represent the volume of fire generated by different sizes and types of units. Determine a given unit's fire points with the Small Arms and Artillery Tables above the Fire Combat Table. For each firing fire level or gun point unit, find the fire points listed on the appropriate table. Total the points for all units firing at a given target and use it to determine the initial column on the Fire Combat Table. Disorganized units fire at half strength. Halve the total fire points of all disorganized firers, add them to the total of non-disorganized fires, and then round down (regardless of fractional value). Do not round "less than 1" fires...they are always "less than 1".

20.2 Plus "+" Weapons Types

Certain units are listed as having Plus ("+") weapons, with a + on the counter. These units use the "+" weapon fire point values listed in parenthesis on the Small Arms Table.

20.3 Restrictions on Fire Combat

20.3a Splitting fire is not allowed. A single unit (or extended line) can only fire at a single target hex. A brigade with two extended lines could fire at a maximum of three targets (one for the parent and one each for the extended lines).

20.3b Count the maximum fires from a hex starting with the top unit and working down the stack, as mentioned in Stacking Effects on Combat (see 12.3).

20.3c Artillery units in a stack may be selectively targeted by artillery units regardless of their position in the target stack.

20.3d Units may fire only once per combat phase. Any number of a player's eligible units may fire in a given phase. There is no limit on the number of units or fire levels that can engage a single target.

20.3e A given hex may be targeted a maximum of twice in a given fire phase—once against its artillery (if any) and once against the top non-artillery unit (if any). Note that a given attacking unit may not fire in both attacks. This rule is exclusive of 26.6; in effect, artillery can be targeted separately in a stack (by artillery) and the stack may be fired upon normally in the same fire phase. Note: Units can be targeted more than once if they happen to retreat to another hex which is later fired upon in the same phase. The retreating units are liable as any other unit in that new hex.

20.3f Units may conduct fire combat freely out to the range of the weapon involved, given LOS and visibility. The max range is 2 hexes for small arms and 10 for artillery.

20.4 Terrain Effects

20.4a Those terrain types that affect combat are listed as column shifts in the Combat Table Modifiers Chart above the Fire Combat Table. Other terrain types only affect combat by restricting LOS.

20.4b A given Modifier line on the Combat Table Modifiers list may apply only once per fire combat.

20.4c A slope affects a fire combat if all fires in the combat cross slope hexsides. If any fire comes into the target hex via a non-slope hexside, the target does not get the benefit of the slope at all. This same rule applies identically to extreme slopes, sunken road hexsides, and trenches.

20.5 Combat Results

After determining the fire points and applying column shifts and modifiers, roll two dice to determine the combat result.

20.5a Morale Checks. Certain results are listed as M, M-1, or M-2. These results call for a morale check only (no casualties or stragglers). Roll on the Morale Table for the top unit. The number following the M (-1, -2) is an additional number of upward shifts on the Morale Table.

20.5b Straggler Checks. Any result giving 1/2 or more casualties also calls for a straggler check. See Stragglers for details on making the check. Make the straggler check even if the 1/2 loss rounds to zero. The top non-artillery unit makes the straggler check for the stack if an artillery unit in the stack was the target of fire combat.

20.5c Step Losses. Any numeric result on the table indicates a casualty loss, straggler check, and morale check. Round any 1/2 losses up or down; see 20.5d. Record the casualties on the Loss Chart for the unit. Make the appropriate straggler and morale checks; execute and record those results as needed. Make any adjustments to the fire level markers under the unit and move on.

20.5d 1/2 Loss Rounding. Many results include a 1/2 result. Round this result using an additional one die roll (1-3 down, 4-6 up). Even when a result rounds to zero, a straggler and morale check are still required.

20.5e Low Ammo. Whenever a Fire Combat Table roll is an 11 or 12, mark all the small arms firing units as being Low Ammo. These units remain at Low Ammo until resupplied by a supply wagon or train. See Supply for more details.

20.6 Step Losses

Record step losses of infantry and cavalry units on the player's Loss Charts as mentioned above. Mark off these losses as they occur and adjust fire levels accordingly. Artillery units have no loss charts, but instead have their current strength recorded using numeric gun point markers under the unit counter. For artillery, a given numeric loss from the Fire Table is the number of gun points in that unit destroyed.

20.7 Marking Losses and Stragglers

Each brigade has a row of ovals or squares in a line on the Loss Chart. Mark each casualty with an "X," each straggler with a "/". Keep the casualties to the left of the stragglers by pushing the stragglers to the right and completing the "X" for each new casualty. By doing so, you make straggler recovery much easier to control.

20.7a When all the brigade's spots to the left of the "wrecked mark" are marked with casualties and stragglers, the brigade is wrecked. Mark a line through the brigade's identification on the Loss Chart (for easy reference) and an "X" in one of the Division's spots. Apply any appropriate modifiers from that point on as long as the wrecked status lasts.

20.7b When all the spots to the left of the wrecked line for the division are marked, the division is wrecked. Circle the division's identification on the chart and apply the additional modifiers from that point.

Example: Use of Fire Points and the Fire Combat Table. Two infantry brigades are firing at a single target at range 2. Both infantry brigades have a strength of greater than the A fire level, so the fire can be calculated as two As firing at range 2. Neither brigade has "plus" weapons. A reading from the Small Arms Chart tells us that an A at range 2 provides 2 fire points, or a total of 4 for the two firers. Identify the 3-4 fire point column on the Fire Table. None of the modifiers apply. On the 3-4 column, the firing player rolls two dice and gets a 6 which gives a "1/2" result. He would then roll another die to round this result off, check for stragglers, and do a morale check. That would end this fire combat.

In a second example, a player is firing a B and an A at range 1, a B at range 2, a battery of 5 gun points at range 6, and a battery of 5 gun points at range 8. The player gets the following fire points for each of these: 2, 4, 1, 1, and 1/2 respectively for a total of 8 1/2 or 8 (after rounding). This places the initial Fire Table column at the 7-8 column. In this case, however, one of the firers is at Low Ammo, but one of the firers has a flank shot. The following column shifts are awarded: -1, and +2 respectively for a total shift of +1. This means the fire is resolved on the 9-11 column. The player rolls 2 dice getting an 11. Since the dice roll is an 11 or 12, all the small arms units which fired are now marked Low Ammo (the one that already was so marked is unaffected). The result is a 2 1/2, which is then rounded to either a 2 or a 3 by the additional rounding die roll. Straggler and morale checks are required and made.

21.0 Stragglers

Stragglers are troops separated from the ranks through the effect of combat and exertion. While not casualties or permanent losses, they are not available for combat use. Unlike battle casualties, stragglers may be recovered during play to rebuild a unit's strength.

21.1 Straggler Checks

Stragglers can be lost during combat, forced march, and morale results. Make straggler checks whenever a 1/2 casualty or greater Fire Combat Table result occurs, units make an Emergency Retreat, or when a player chooses to force march.

Procedure: Choose the correct half of the Straggler Table to use based on the "1/2 to 1" or "1 1/2 or more" loss column headings. Consult the column which corresponds to the morale rating of the unit in question. Roll one die and modify according to the modifiers listed under the table. These modifiers are cumulative. Cross index the modified roll result with the correct morale column, the result is the steps lost to stragglers. Mark these accordingly.

21.1a If the checking unit is destroyed by its straggler loss, the next lower unit takes any remaining straggler loss and makes the morale check, if any. Note that this next unit does not roll separately for stragglers.

21.1b If a unit is destroyed in fire combat before making its straggler check, the next lower unit makes the check.

21.1c Artillery units never suffer loss due to stragglers or from the Morale Table. If an artillery unit takes a loss on the Fire Combat Table, the top infantry or cavalry unit in the stack makes the straggler and morale check for the stack. Artillery alone in a hex would check morale for itself (as if it had a C morale rating), but ignore any straggler losses and never make straggler checks.

21.2 Straggler Recovery

Stragglers may be recovered under the conditions below. Units may be marked and attempt to recover stragglers on any day or night hour turn (8:00, 9:00, etc.). Straggler Recovery Markers may be placed on units that fulfill the following conditions:

a. The unit is at least 4 hexes away from an enemy unit. b. The unit may not be in any morale state other than normal, including BL. c. The unit must be within normal command radius (or that part of it available at the time the unit is marked—in the case when the corps HQ is not yet on the map). Divisional goals do not negate this condition.

Once placed, Straggler Recovery Markers are removed if any of the placement conditions is violated or if any of the following occur:

a. The unit moves. b. Another unit that was not there when the marker was placed enters the marked unit's hex and stacks with it. c. The unit is fired upon, regardless of combat result.

Eliminated units may re-enter play through straggler recovery. They may do so only if they have at least 2 strength points which can be recovered. Place Straggler Recovery Markers according to the same conditions above in any empty hex within appropriate command radius.

Procedure: For each marked unit, roll on the Straggler Recovery Table for the correct morale value. Erase recovered stragglers from the brigade's loss chart. Make any corrections to fire level markers based on this change. A destroyed unit which reappears through straggler recovery is placed on the map in an appropriately marked hex. Straggler recovery markers can be placed in empty hexes in anticipation of the appearance of rebuilt units. Destroyed brigades roll for recovery using their printed morales. After rolling for each unit attempting recovery, remove the straggler recovery marker.

Brigades may only recover stragglers they themselves have lost. Stragglers may not be combined between brigades, and combat casualties may never be recovered.

22.0 Wrecked Brigades and Divisions

As a unit's losses (both combat and straggler) increase, the unit will reach or surpass its wrecked limit on the Loss Chart. Once all spaces to the left of the limit are filled, the unit is considered wrecked and all resultant penalties apply. A unit may become un-wrecked by the recovery of enough stragglers such that the unit's losses no longer reach its wrecked limit. Divisions, once enough of their brigades are wrecked, also become wrecked. Recovery of component brigades can lead to the un-wrecking of divisions.

A wrecked brigade, or wrecked brigade of a wrecked division, differs from regular units in that it has additional morale and straggler modifiers. Wrecked brigades may never attack in close combat. Wrecked divisions also affect Corps Attack Stoppage.

23.0 Close Combat

Close combat is a combination of fire and movement which occurs in the Movement and Close Combat Phase. Moving units which desire to conduct close combat move adjacent to their target, expend one MP plus the cost of the target's hex, enter the hex, and then resolve the combat as listed below.

Procedure:

a. The attacker enters the defender's hex at the hex's cost +1 in MPs. b. First the defender then the attacker calculate and conduct fire combat. Do this sequentially. Execute the results and make straggler checks as each is done. They make no Morale Checks now and ignore modifiers to be applied to the Morale Table from the Fire Table. c. Attacker checks morale at -6 (plus any other applicable modifiers). If the morale result forces the attacker to retreat, the attacking player executes the result and the close combat ends. Note that the attacker is exempt from this check if the defender was unable to fire in the close combat. d. If close combat does not end in c., the defender checks morale at -4 (plus any other modifiers). If the morale result forces a retreat, the close combat ends. The defender then executes the morale result and conducts an additional morale check (that is, after having retreated) without the close combat modifiers. e. If combat has not ended yet, use the Odds Table to determine the winner. The loser from the Odds Table retreats—attacker one hex, defender two hexes. If the defender is the loser, he must conduct an additional morale check at the end of his two hex retreat.

In all cases, one side or the other will end up alone in the hex. The attacker may continue movement with any remaining movement points afterwards. Note that the retreats caused by close combat do not expend movement points or cause a unit to stop moving.

After the combat has been resolved, participating units (only) on either side may freely change facing and stacking position.

Note that when determining unit strength for the Close Combat Odds Table, Low Ammo, DG Morale, and Formation have no effect on unit strength. Do not roll on the Odds Table when the defending units are Routed; instead, the defending Routed units automatically Rout (Back 2 and Straggle 3) and then make an additional morale check.

23.1 Restrictions

A unit may conduct as many close combats in a phase as desired within the constraints of its movement allowance and the conditions of close combat below.

23.1a Attacking units may not be in any morale state other than BL or normal.

23.1b Attackers may not violate command radius. Command radius must reach into the target hex at the moment of the attack. EZOCs in the hex from which the attacker entered CC do not block this trace.

23.1c Close combat attackers may not be wrecked brigades.

23.1d A unit may be the target of an unlimited number of close combats in a given phase. The order of attacks is completely in the hands of the attacking player. The defender must accept close combat attacks.

23.1e Always resolve close combat before conducting other movement. Note that units wishing to conduct a close combat together must start movement together (except for leaders, who may come from anywhere—but still must join from the same hexside the other units crossed to get into the close combat). Units with extended lines may retract those lines on the way to the close combat and attack as a single unit.

23.1f No unit may add its fire to a close combat unless actually engaged in that hex.

23.1g Calculate stacking and fire limits for each side separately; all normal rules regarding stacking and fire are in effect.

23.1h Fire combat in close combat uses the close combat range columns of the Fire Point Determination Chart. Terrain affects close combat fires as any other combat. Hexside features that the attacker crosses to enter the target hex also affect the combat, as if the attacker were in the adjacent hex from which he entered. In close combat, morale checks are made only as called for by the close combat sequence and may not occur directly after a fire combat. Ignore morale checks called for by the Fire Combat Table.

23.1i Artillery units may never conduct close combat as attackers. Infantry in column may not fire in its portion of the fire combat, but may change formation after the fire combat is finished. Such an infantry formation change is exempt from the usual "formation change fire trigger" (15.0b) above.

23.1j Units may cross one EZOC hex to enter close combat. This hex may contain overlapping ZOCs from a number of enemy units. Units wishing to enter a close combat may not move from one EZOC hex to another before entering the target hex.

23.1k When the attacker enters close combat through a unit's rear or flank hexsides, the defender fires with an additional -3 column shift modifier on the Fire Combat Table.

23.1l Unit size greater than "AA" has no additional effect on the Close Combat Odds Table.

23.1m If the attacker must retreat out of a close combat (he lost), the first hex entered must be the one from which he entered the combat. The defender's retreat hex must be opposite the attacker's entry hex, or as close as possible given the presence of enemy units. At the end of his retreat, the attacker still has all the MPs it had remaining before the retreat and may continue to move and conduct more close combats, if it has sufficient movement points remaining.

23.1n Both sides in a close combat are exempt from retreat fires in the first hex they enter. After that one hex, these units automatically draw fire from any enemy units whose EZOC they enter in retreat.

23.1o If fire combat in the close combat procedure eliminates the defending units, the attacker must still conduct his morale check at -6. His attack might falter before he knows he has won.

Example: Close Combat Sequence. The attacking player announces the close combat, pays the defender's hex movement point cost plus one, and enters the defender's hex. The sides exchange fire (defender then attacker) at CC (Close Combat) range for fire points. While the attacker is unable to bring any artillery along, the defender can use his to great effect (assuming it is unlimbered, that is). The losses and stragglers are marked on both sides' Loss Charts after each side's fire and including straggler and leader casualty checks. The attacker then checks his morale with an additional drop of 6 rows on top of anything else he is eligible for. If he is forced to retreat because of this roll, the combat ends and there are no other effects—the defender manages to avoid the Morale Table.

Assuming the attacker survives his morale check, the defender must check morale dropping 4 rows in addition to anything else for which he is eligible. If he is forced to retreat, the combat ends and the attacking units may continue to move, provided they still have movement points remaining. They may even close combat the same target again if they wish and their ability to do so is not otherwise restricted. The defender (if he retreats) must make the additional morale check, without the close combat modifier.

Now let's assume the defender also survives. This is where the Odds Table is used. Convert the unit strength for each side using the Point Value Chart on the Odds Table, keeping in mind that strength over the AA fire level is irrelevant, and determine the odds. Roll one die on the table making any die roll modifiers noted on the Odds Table. The Odds Table result will generate a winner and a loser for the combat. Execute the results. Note that if the attacker loses, he must retreat one hex. If the defender loses, he must retreat two hexes and make an additional morale check. This morale check, as stated earlier, does not use the close combat modifiers.

23.1p Additional morale checks made by the defender (as per the close combat procedure) do not include the -4 modifier.

23.1q BL units are not required to make close combats.

23.1r Units in Column or Mounted formation may conduct close combat as attackers (especially if they have a death wish). Because of morale and formation effects, it is possible that units from one or both sides may be unable to fire.

24.0 Morale

Morale is the quality of a unit which determines how well the unit withstands the shock of combat. It is an evaluation of a unit's leadership, training, and character. Each unit is assigned a morale level or rating (which is printed on the counter). This level/rating is a permanent feature of the unit and does not change during the relatively short period represented by the game. Units are rated on a scale of A through E, from best to worst.

24.1 Morale States

Unlike morale levels, morale states represent temporary conditions of confusion, fear, or anger. A hex and all units in it can have only one morale state at any given moment. A morale state inflicted on one unit affects all others in that hex. Mark morale states by using the appropriate marker atop the stack (normal has no marker). They are, in order of increasingly poor performance:

Blood Lust — A temporary state of high excitement, resulting in a short-term suspension of normal fear reactions.

Normal — The usual state of the unit.

Shaken — A mild increase in confusion and increased caution.

Disorganized — A partial command breakdown and increased resistance to commands which would place the unit into danger.

Rout — A collapse of organization and flight to the rear.

24.1a Each morale state has its own effects, as given on the Morale Effects Table, on fire, movement, and close combat.

24.1b Routed units may not move voluntarily during the friendly Movement and Close Combat Phase. They must retreat, however, if they fail to rally during the friendly Rally Phase and are less than 6 hexes of an enemy unit. This retreat occurs instantly in that Rally Phase and continues until the routed unit is 6 hexes away from all enemy units. If a routed unit is unable to execute this retreat due to impassible terrain or enemy units, all remaining strength is marked off as casualties (not stragglers) and the unit is eliminated. Such units may re-enter play by the recovery of stragglers, like any other destroyed unit. Note that this "movement" is not inhibited in any way by normal command radius restrictions.

24.2 Morale Checks

Make morale checks when called for by the Fire Combat Table and during the Close Combat sequence. Follow this procedure for making the check:

A. Find the unit's morale level to the left of the Morale Table. B. Total all applicable modifiers. C. Modify the row, as found on the left of the table, by this total modifier, with "+" being up and "-" being down. D. Roll two dice. The red die is the first digit, the white one the second (a red six and a white four would be 64). Find the column along the modified row which contains the dice roll and read up to the result. E. Apply the column heading result.

24.2a In all cases, the top unit in the stack at the time of the morale check gives the morale rating for the stack.

24.2b Artillery units, if top unit, always have a morale level of C. Artillery alone in a hex never receives the artillery morale benefit on the Morale Table, even if more than one artillery unit is in the hex. Only infantry and cavalry in line formation receive this benefit. Also note that if artillery units are selectively fired upon, the top unit still makes the morale and straggler checks for the stack.

24.2c Units that are in Blood Lust do not make morale checks as do other units. Instead, roll two dice on the Blood Lust Morale Check Table. The only results possible are no effect and removal of blood lust. No modifiers ever apply to this roll.

24.2d Units which are destroyed due to the Morale Table result are removed from play before executing any retreat and, therefore, do not generate rout throughs.

24.2e All losses from the Morale Table come in the form of stragglers.

24.3 Retreats and Rout Through

Retreats off the Morale Table are given in hexes, not movement points. When required to retreat, the affected units must retreat the number of hexes given. If a unit cannot retreat the number of hexes required, due to enemy units or impassible terrain, that unit is automatically routed. Units forced off the map are eliminated. The standard retreat rule (5.2) controls the direction of a retreat. When units form a stack, by retreat or regular movement, the entire stack adopts the worst morale state of any unit in it. Units may move (but not retreat) through hexes containing forces in other morale states and still be considered not to have stacked with the non-moving force. Ending one's movement in an occupied hex is considered stacking. If such a stack then splits up, each portion of the stack carries the new morale state with it. Any unit that even momentarily stacks with a routed unit (for any reason) is automatically routed, regardless of how short-lived the stack. This exception to the normal rule is intentional. It simulates the "contagiousness" of fear and the effect of a disordered unit running to the rear on nearby units—unlike a controlled movement in which other friendly units can "side step" to allow them to pass.

24.3a A rout through occurs whenever a retreating unit enters a hex containing other friendly units during a retreat caused by the Morale Table or a close combat result. Note the retreating unit need not be literally "routed" to create a rout through.

24.3b Units that have a unit rout through their hex may either displace one hex, or stack with the retreating units—at the owning player's option.

24.3c If the units displace, they worsen their morale state by one level (shaken to disorganized, for instance). This displacement may cause additional rout through and, hence, additional displacement situations. Handle each one as an individual event, with the same rules and options applying. Treat displacements like retreats in that they must be "locally to the rear." Note that unlimbered artillery may not displace or follow in a retreat. These artillery units merely absorb the passing unit's morale state and remain in place.

24.3d If units choose to stack together, the worst morale state of the stack is adopted by all units in the stack, and the retreat continues, if required, by the entire stack.

24.3e Blood Lust units which stack with non-blood lusted units, or displace in any way, lose their blood lust status.

24.4 Additive Effects

Whenever a stack with a morale state receives another morale result, the effects are cumulative as follows:

A. If Dg and gets another Dg, the stack is R. B. If Dg and gets BL, the stack is normal. C. If R and gets BL, the stack is shaken. D. If Sh and gets BL, the stack is BL. E. All other results, the unit is the worse of the two.

Additive effects never cause additional retreat or straggler loss.

24.5 Rally

During the Rally Phase of a player's turn, his units in any morale state must check for rally. To avoid confusion, follow this sequence:

A. Remove BL from all units not adjacent to an enemy unit. B. Roll for remaining BLs on the Blood Lust Morale Check Table and remove as required any BLs which fail the check. C. Remove all Shs. D. Convert all Dgs to Shs. E. Roll for Rs. Roll one die for each stack; subtract the rating of any one leader in the hex from this roll. On a two or less, the stack becomes Dg, on a three or higher it remains R. If any remaining R stacks are within 6 hexes of an enemy unit, retreat as noted above.

Rally is a simple mechanical process in which units gradually (and in most cases, automatically) evolve towards normal.

25.0 Leaders

Leaders are included in the game representing the divisional commanders and above. Leaders provide the focal points for the command system and provide a morale benefit for units stacked in their hex. Leaders may move as any other unit, using their row of the Movement Chart. Leaders have no fire combat ability of their own. Leaders, while usually not the exact target of enemy fire combat themselves, may become casualties when their hex receives fire. Note that a player could fire upon a hex containing only leaders in an attempt to generate a Leader Loss roll and leader casualties.

Leader units have one rating, their leader rating. Use this rating for command, initiative, and morale. In addition, subtract this leader rating from the die when attempting to rally routed units. For all morale functions (morale check and rally rolls), the leader desiring to affect the units must be stacked with them.

25.1 Effect on Stacking

Leaders do not count for stacking restrictions and any number of them may occupy a single hex.

25.2 Effect on Movement

Leaders move as any other unit. They affect the movement of other units in that the division commander's hex is the center of the division's command radius.

25.3 Effect on Fire Combat and Morale

Leaders have no effect on friendly fire combat and do not have a fire combat ability of their own. When a hex containing one or more leaders receives enemy fire and casualties are sustained, roll two dice for each leader and consult the Leader Loss Table. Leaders do not suffer from morale effects or make morale checks of their own. Leaders assist friendly units making morale checks as their rating is a row modifier on the Morale Table.

25.3a Morale Table Use. Use the leader rating in the checking hex as follows. Note that only the senior leader in the hex affects morale checks (owning player's choice when tied). No more than one leader ever affects a single hex. Modify the morale check by adding (going up) rows on the Morale Table equal to the leader's rating minus one. A zero leader, therefore, would give a one row down modifier.

25.4 Leader Losses and Replacement

Whenever a leader is in a hex that receives enemy fire and casualties are sustained (ignore 1/2 results that "round down"), check each leader in the hex for loss. Roll two dice on the Leader Loss Table and read the result. Roll once separately for each leader in the hex. If the leader is killed or wounded, remove the leader from play.

25.4a Leaders who become casualties must be replaced. Corps commanders are replaced by the senior division commander (based on the rank on the counter, owning player's choice in ties). Army commanders are replaced by the available corps commanders as noted in the game rules. Division commanders are replaced by generic brigade leaders. Replace all leader losses immediately.

25.4b Note that in later versions of this series, the backs of division commanders are printed with the replacement leader marked for that command. Corps and army leaders have generic backs. If a division commander is promoted to fill a vacancy, use the generic repl back of the corps leader to fill the divisional position until the division leader is eliminated and the "correct" back is now available. Some repl leaders have unit designations printed on them to clarify command lines at times when officer losses have been heavy.

25.4c When a division commander becomes a casualty, the divisional repl must appear stacked with another unit of the same division (i.e. not in the same hex). If no such unit is available, the repl appears where the leader was lost. Corps and army leaders are not normally replaced by generic repls, and their replacements (other on-map leader units) must move from where they are to their new duty position during regular movement.

25.4d If a leader is in a stack which is destroyed, but escapes harm himself, place the leader in the nearest stack of his command. If no such stack exists, remove the leader from play. Leaders removed solely due to this reason are never worth victory points to the enemy player.

25.4e If enemy units enter a hex containing a leader alone, that leader automatically displaces to the nearest stack of his command. Enemy units can never eliminate leaders simply by entering their hexes.

25.5 Division Commander Placement and Radius

Division commanders must stack with at least one unit of the commander's division. Corps and higher leaders have no such requirement and may travel freely.

The division commander may move as desired and the stacking restriction above is enforced only at the end of the Movement and Close Combat Phase.

The location of the division commander marks the center of his division's command radius. The location of a corps commander is unimportant since the corps HQ marker defines the center of the command radius of a corps.

26.0 Artillery

This system handles artillery somewhat abstractly through generic gun points. Exact weapon and ammo concerns have been factored into the conversion from gun to fire points. More artillery detail is not needed in this game system and would only serve to clutter it up.

Note: Unlimbered artillery units retain their limbered movement allowances. While they have movement points available, they may not use them except to change formation. In other words, the MPs available to an unlimbered artillery unit may never be used to move from hex to hex—it must change formation first.

26.1 Gun Points

Each artillery unit is assigned a number of "gun points" as printed on the counter. (A gun point represents roughly three cannons). Gun points are interchangeable, and may be attached and detached without cost in movement points (the detached points merely move away using their movement allowance).

26.1a The owning player may form detached batteries of up to 3 gun points by using detached markers and numeric gun point markers. These detachments function as any artillery and can link up with any artillery unit, provided the resulting battery has no more than 5 gun points.

26.1b Artillery detachments cannot be created with less than 2 gun points. That restriction only applies at the instant of creation; if the detachment falls below 2 due to losses later, that is ok.

26.2 Losses

When the Fire Combat Table calls for losses, artillery units lose gun points directly as recorded on the Fire Combat Table. Therefore, if the final combat result is a 3, the target battery loses 3 gun points. Place under the artillery unit a gun point marker equal to the number remaining in the unit. When an artillery unit has no remaining gun points, remove it from play. Ignore incurred losses greater than the total artillery strength in the target hex.

26.2a Note that an artillery unit may be targeted by any artillery units within range, regardless of its location in the stack.

26.2b Note the special rules (below in 26.6) regarding artillery formation change both in EZOCs and within 2 hexes of enemy units.

26.3 Fire Combat and Artillery

Artillery may engage targets at up to 10 hexes, with restrictions due to LOS and visibility. Use the Artillery Table adjacent to the Fire Combat Table to convert gun points into fire points. Calculate gun points firing at a hex by the total number of gun points involved at each given range bracket (2-3, 4-6, etc.), not battery by battery, when figuring fire points.

Example: If 3 batteries of 3 gun points each fire at a target 3 hexes away, the resulting fire points is 5, not 6. Similarly, but with an opposite effect, 2 batteries of 4 firing at range 3 would be 5, not 4. 3 gun points firing at range 4 and 3 at range 3 would total 3 (1/2 for the first set, 2 for the second, total 2 1/2, rounded to 2).

Add artillery fire points to any other fire points attacking the hex, whether artillery or small arms, for one combined total.

26.3a Artillery fire points are further modified by target type at ranges of 4 hexes or more. Artillery fire points directed at artillery or wagon units at such ranges is normal (x1). Against any other target type at ranges of 4 or more, artillery fire points are halved.

26.4 Morale and Artillery

When an artillery unit receives fire, no matter what its position in the stack is, the top unit in the stack always checks for morale and stragglers. Artillery, if the top unit, always has a morale of C and, in this case, the top infantry or cavalry unit makes the straggler check. Artillery alone in a hex, or stacked only with other artillery units, never receives the Morale Table benefit for units stacked with artillery. Artillery units never become wrecked.

Artillery must limber to execute any retreat result from the Morale Table, unless stacked with a non-artillery unit and the result allows the "no retreat if stacked with artillery" exception. Limbering in a ZOC or close combat requires a roll on the Gun Loss Table.

26.5 Stragglers and Artillery

Artillery units never check for stragglers and never lose gun points to either the Straggler Table or the Morale Table.

26.6 Formation Change, Enemy Units, and Fires

26.6a Artillery units may never unlimber in an EZOC hex. Any artillery unit which unlimbers is fired upon by all otherwise qualified enemy units at or within 2 hexes (including all artillery, infantry and cavalry units; the target unit's position in a stack does not matter). The target in this case is still considered to be in limbered formation until the fire combat is resolved.

26.6b Artillery which limbers never draws fire, but if doing so in an EZOC or close combat it rolls on the Gun Loss Table. It then loses the number of gun points called for by the table result.

26.6c The Gun Loss Table is never used against and never affects any unit type other than artillery.

27.0 Artillery Supply

Artillery supply is handled in a rather abstract manner in these games—at the army level. Each side has a number of artillery ammo points with which to fight its battle (an infinite number in some cases). The side may then use these points to fire its batteries during the game. Any of a player's batteries may use the army ammo to fire—which means one unit may, in extreme cases, fire all the army's ammo. Once the ammunition supply is expended, artillery units may continue to fire, but at 1/2 effectiveness (divide the value from the Fire Point Determination Chart by 2 and round down any fractions if necessary).

The batteries themselves never record the ammo they expend. The only record of artillery ammo in play is the Artillery Ammunition Track for each player (if any).

27.1 Tracing and Expenditure of Ammo Points

To fire at full effectiveness, artillery units must be able to trace a path free of EZOCs or enemy units to the army supply train (or the hex from which it will enter). This path may be of any length, but only the first (starting with the artillery unit) 5 hexes may be non-road hexes—the rest of the trace must be made on primary or secondary road hexes. Units unable to make this trace have their fire points divided by 2.

Artillery supply is handled as a point total at the army level. Expend one artillery ammo point per fire of 5 gun points or portion thereof, on a per combat basis (or for each fire combat).

Example: If 12 gun points fire in a combat, 3 ammo points are used. Also, if 2 points are fired in a combat and 3 in another, a total of 2 ammo points are expended, one in each combat.

28.0 Small Arms Supply

Small arms supply is handled mechanically on the game map. The player uses his corps supply wagons to move supply points from the army supply train to the units which need it. Small arms units need supply only when they are to remove a Low Ammo Marker—the supply expenditure removes the marker.

28.1 Low Ammo

Whenever the Fire Table dice roll is 11 or 12, mark all firing brigades with Low Ammo Markers. Mark each unit separately. Low ammo never affects artillery units, the supply of which is handled using the Artillery Supply rules above. Units marked as low ammo:

may not fire at range 2.
have a down one modifier for the Morale Table.
have a back one column shift for any fire combats to which they contribute. Note that if several such brigades are firing in a combat, only a total column shift of one applies.

Units never actually run out of ammo and additional low ammo results are of no effect.

28.2 Supply Wagons

Most corps are assigned one supply wagon. This wagon carries supply points from the army supply train to the units which need it.

28.2a Each wagon may carry 5 supply points, which are marked under the wagon using supply point markers. In all scenarios (unless specifically stated otherwise) wagons always set up or enter with a full 5 supply points. Supply wagons and supply points do not count in stacking. Wagons are unaffected by morale results, but may tag along in a retreat with units retreating out of or through their hex.

28.2b Wagons may be reloaded by moving at or within two hexes of the army supply train. Such loading only occurs at the very end of the Movement and Close Combat Phase in the Ammo Resupply Segment. Up to 5 supply points may be loaded at one time.

28.2c Loading and unloading wagons does not cost movement points in and of itself.

28.2d Supply points may never be unloaded onto the ground and left in a dump—they must always be on a supply wagon or train to be used.

28.2e Supply wagons and their contents are automatically destroyed if enemy units enter their hex. Wagons may also be targets during a Fire Combat Phase—they have one step and are destroyed if it is lost. They may not, however, be targeted separately in the stack as artillery can.

28.3 Supply Train

The army supply train is the source of all small arms supply points. It has an inexhaustible supply. Wagons and units may reload supply points if at or within two hexes of the train.

28.3a The Supply train may never leave primary or secondary road hexes. Except for this restriction, they move as do wagons. Corps supply wagons are not restricted by 28.3a.

28.3b Handle the supply train with respect to fire combat and overrun in the same manner as supply wagons.

28.4 Resupply of Small Arms Ammo

During the Ammo Resupply Segment of the Movement and Close Combat Phase, any Low Ammo marked brigade at or within two hexes of a supply wagon or the supply train may remove the Low Ammo Marker at the cost of one supply point (reduce the wagon's load by one, ignore if drawing from the supply train).

28.4a One ammo point resupplies a single brigade of any size, including all extended lines.

28.4b Wagons can normally issue ammo only to units in their own organization. They may issue supply to low-ammo units from other organizations if there is currently no one in their own command which is low ammo. Note that attached units may draw on the wagons of either their permanent or temporary organization freely.

29.0 Night

Night actions, while rare in the Civil War, did occur. This series allows night actions but restricts them in both active and passive ways. Passively, turns at night are one hour, instead of thirty minutes, making all actions take longer than during the day. Active measures are listed below.

29.0a Visibility at night is always one hex. Always modify night fire combat by an additional -2 column shift. Night morale checks have an automatic -3 row modifier and night straggler checks always use the +2 DRM. Make these modifications in addition to any others which are applicable.

29.0b Any Corps attack stoppage roll made at night receives an additional -3 dice roll modifier.

Terms and Abbreviations

Acceptance — The action of an arriving order changing to an active status where it can be used. Acceptance is accomplished using the Acceptance Table.

Additive Effects — The combined effects which occur when a unit in a given morale state receives another morale result.

Aide-Oral (AO) — A method of transmitting an order which requires the aide to memorize the order and verbally transmit that order to the receiver. While quicker than other methods, the chance of error is greater.

Aide-Written (AW) — A method of transmitting an order which involves a written version of the order being hand carried to the receiver by an aide. While more exact than aide-oral, this method is handicapped by the inability of the receiver to ask questions of the sender so as to clarify the order.

Ammo Points — The points available for use in firing a side's artillery units.

Anti-Initiatives — The environment generated by the overall command in an army which sends a signal to lower ranking officers regarding the acceptability of independent action. The Anti-Initiatives (if any) apply to the initiative points available to a leader which may inhibit the ability to obtain initiative.

Blood Lust (BL) — A positive morale state of temporary excitement (indicated by an amount of frothing about the mouth) which reduces normal fear reactions making the unit less susceptible to morale checks than normal. They are having fun and they want more of it...

Close Combat (CC) — Combat occurring at much closer ranges than the "normal fire for effect" standards (clear terrain, 200 yards). Such combat is occurring closer than 100 yards (with some variability due to terrain). Some hand to hand or melee combat may ensue, but for the most part, close combat is a fire fight at very tight ranges.

Column (COL) — The formation of infantry for the march. Usually a column of four files generally used for movement along roads.

Command Radius — The range from an HQ and/or leader a unit must be within to be able to automatically accept orders given to the higher command.

Complex Orders (COM) — An order requiring a force to conduct an offensive movement and combat operation.

Corps Attack Stoppage — The decision by a command that it has "done enough" and that its attack is a failure. This is the result of a failure on the Corps Attack Stoppage Table.

Counters — The 1/2" cardboard playing pieces of the game.

Delay (D1, D2) — The status of an order for which the receiver is either arranging to implement it or is dragging his feet. Either way, this result from the Acceptance Table may stall an order's acceptance.

Detached Units (DET) — A detached artillery unit is a portion of a battalion sent on a special mission or used by a player to station his artillery more effectively. Detached divisions are divisions which have had their corps assignment changed by the Army commander's orders.

Die (Dice) Roll Modifier (DRM) — A modification, either positive or negative, made to a given die roll.

Disorganized (DG) — A morale state in which much command and control has been lost due to confusion.

Distortion — A result from the Acceptance Table which indicates that the order being rolled for was misinterpreted by the receiver. For simplicity's sake, the order is thrown away (as opposed to trying to divine what it was distorted into...)

Divisional Goals — An assignment of orders to a division using initiative of either the divisional or corps commander so as to free it from normal command radius restrictions and allow it to perform an independent mission.

Enemy Zone of Control (EZOC) — A zone of control explicitly stated as coming from an enemy unit. This distinction is made to avoid confusion with ZOCs from friendly units.

Extended Line — A formation which allows large units to cover more ground or bring more of their firepower to bear—on the flip side, it also exposes the unit to more fire combats.

Facing — The orientation of a unit or stack in a hex. All units must face toward a hexside of the hex they are in and all units in a hex must face the same hexside.

Fire Level — A measure of the size of a unit and the amount of fire volume it is capable of generating.

Fire Points — The measure of firepower as applied by a number of firers toward a single target hex. It is used for calculation of the appropriate column to be used on the Fire Combat Table.

First Edition CWB — The edition of these rules (with later addenda and errata) which was released in 1988.

Forced March — The extra exertion of a unit to move a bit faster than normal with a resultant chance at increased stragglers.

Formations — The potential methods of assembly of the unit on the ground. Dictated by the drill of the time, these formations each have their own individual benefits and drawbacks. The formations in the game are representative of the basic combat formations employed in real life.

Game Rules — The exclusive rules to a given game which give any special rules and all scenario information for that game.

Gun Points — A measure of the number of actual cannons in an artillery unit. Each gun point represents about 3 cannons.

Headquarters Units (HQs) — These "units" represent the administrative and control centers of corps and army command. Corps HQs mark the center of the command radius net of the corps. Army HQs are only used for flavor and to mark their own location. All HQs move like leaders.

Hex — A hexagon. These are used to regulate movement on the game map and to simplify the determination of unit locations.

Hex Numbers — The numeric designation of every hex so as to quickly and accurately identify a particular hex using a simple ID number. We use a grid numbering system which, while not printing a number in every hex, forms gridlines which actually make the system easier to use than one which numbers every hex (see 1.1a).

Implement — An accepted order may only be implemented (and made usable) when the receiving commander makes a trip through his HQ's hex.

Independent Units (Ind) — These units are exempt from command radius and may generally do as they please without orders.

Initiative — The ability to give oneself orders without their issue from higher authority.

Initiative Points — The leader rating of a leader trying to get initiative plus any anti-initiative. This number is used to determine which column is used on the Initiative Table.

In-Person Verbal (IPV) — An order which is given when both sender and receiver are in the same hex and physically able to talk to each other. This is the most effective way to issue orders to leaders in the game.

Limbered (Limb) — The formation of artillery which allows movement. The guns are hitched to their caissons and teams and are ready to roll, but such units cannot fire.

Line of Sight (LOS) — The determination of whether units can see each other given the lay of the land and other map features.

Loose Cannon — The wild card which appears when players use initiative excessively. Effectively, the leader has gone and done something stupid.

Loss Charts — A record of the losses (casualties and stragglers) to the units of a given army. These are designed to alert players as to when units change fire levels or become wrecked.

Low Ammo — A status of being low on ammunition in small arms units which causes them to begin saving ammo by firing less and saving rounds for closer targets.

Markers — These are counters used to show the status of game units.

Morale — The ability of units to "take it." Given as a letter designation from A to E, with A being best.

Morale Check — The requirement to roll on the Morale Table to determine what effect certain game events have on a unit's morale.

Morale Level — The actual morale of a unit (A through E).

Morale State — A temporary effect on a unit because of a morale check. These range from Blood Lust through Rout.

Mounted (Mtd) — The formation of a cavalry unit in which the troopers are mounted on their horses for movement.

Movement Allowance (MA) — The total number of movement points a unit is allowed to expend in a given movement phase.

Movement Point (MP) — A measure of the cost of an activity or movement which is charged against the unit's movement allowance when the activity is conducted.

No Effect (NE) — A result from numerous game tables which requires no action or other results.

Non-Phasing Player — The player whose player turn it isn't.

Order Log — A listing of orders as they are issued which provides a quick reference to the status of all orders and a convenient record of the variables needed when using the Acceptance Table.

Orders — The formal written instructions from the army commander to his corps HQs which instruct them as to what missions they are undertaking. No orders are issued from the corps HQ to the divisions—such units automatically start to function using orders their corps has accepted as long as they are in command radius.

Phasing Player — The player whose player turn it is.

Player Turn — An iteration of the turn sequence for one player, which is followed by an identical iteration for the other player, the completion of which ends the game turn.

Plus Weapons — Weapons fielded by infantry and cavalry units during the war which permitted a superior amount of firepower. Things like repeaters, magazine fed weapons, and breech loaders.

Pre-Set Orders — Orders issued before the beginning of the game. Usually, players will want to follow the pre-set orders given as part of a scenario and only "take command" when units actually appear on the field.

Rally — The act of reducing morale states in the direction of normal. Given time, all units will evolve toward normal.

Retreat — The act of movement to the rear as generated by Morale Table results or via the Close Combat Odds Table. This form of "movement" is calculated using hexes and not movement points. It is also subject to the Standard Retreat rule which helps govern direction.

Routed (R) — A unit which is completely out of the control of its officers and is in a headlong flight to safety.

Rout-Through — The effects caused when a unit in a morale state must retreat through hexes containing other friendly units. Such events may cause unit displacement or a "sharing" of morale states.

Second Edition CWB — The rules contained here which were released in 1992.

Series Rules — The rules which are applicable to all games in the series. The booklet containing this section is the series rule book.

Shaken (Sh) — A morale state of added caution. While the unit is still under control, it is more tentative about its actions.

Simple Orders (Sim) — These are orders which are made so as to conduct limited movements and operations which do not anticipate enemy action or resistance.

Small Arms — Units which are using rifles and other light weapons and not cannons.

Stacking — The placement of more than one unit in a single map hex. The limit is three A fire levels and ten gun points.

Step Loss — The loss of one or more of the steps on the Loss Chart to a unit due to fire combat, straggler or morale results.

Steps — The 100 man increments on the Loss Charts of which unit fire level strength is based.

Straggler Check — A roll made on the Straggler Table to determine whether a game event has generated a loss in the form of stragglers to the checking unit.

Straggler Recovery — The act of attempting to reform the stragglers of a unit in order to give the unit more strength for future operations.

Stragglers — Individuals who decide to flee their formed unit (or are lost) and no longer add to the combat power of their own unit.

Summary Sheet — A page in these rules (on the back of the Charts and Tables pullout) which summarizes the changes in the 2nd Edition rules for players used to the 1st Edition.

Supply Train — The army level supply unit. It is the source of supply for the army.

Supply Wagons — These supply units are at the corps level (usually) and provide a means of transferring small arms ammunition from the army trains to the actual units.

Turn or Game Turn — A complete iteration of the turn sequence for both players. It represents 30 minutes of real-world time in the daytime, 60 minutes at night.

Turn Sequence or Sequence of Play — The ordering of steps which make up a game turn.

Unit — Specifically, this term when used by itself refers to infantry, cavalry and artillery combat units. When used with the appropriate adjective (i.e. Supply unit), it may represent other game counters.

Wing Structure — A command echelon used at some battles which lies between the army command and corps commands. If a wing structure exists in a given game, it is discussed in the game rules for that game. Otherwise, it is not used.

Wrecked Brigade — A brigade which has lost enough of its strength to casualties and stragglers so as to become combat ineffective.

Wrecked Brigade of a Wrecked Division — A wrecked brigade whose division is also considered wrecked. An even greater level of combat ineffectiveness, if you will.

Zone of Control (ZOC) — The area of influence or interest of a unit. ZOCs exist in the frontal hexes adjacent to each unit. The ZOC represents the area in which the unit can bring effective fire to bear.

Designer's Notes

A number of concepts in these games continue to be misinterpreted by players or game reviewers. Foremost among them is the lack of a woods combat modifier. The historical evidence points out that commanders in the Civil War felt the problems associated with forest fighting outweighed any minor amount of increased protection. Also, when troops did fight in the forest, because of the limited LOSs available, they did so at much shorter ranges than normal. The effect of the shortened range effectively counteracts the protective effects of the woods. The other case people point to when talking about woods modifiers is when a force attacks across an open field to attack a defender in the woods. The problem with this example is that, invariably, the defender would array himself in front of the woods (so as to preserve command and control and avoid the problems incurred on maneuvering elements in the forest). With the defender just in front of the edge of the forest, neither side gets any "benefit" from the woods and the fighting is the same as that in an open field. Given that no one has come forth with an example of a force intentionally forming up inside a forest there is no historical basis for such a modifier and its existence would only make players perform actions which are at best ahistorical.

A concept regarding fire levels vs. strength points: having fire decrease incrementally by each strength point lost is not only a pain to record but is also much too accurate a measurement. A unit which drops from 10 to 9 strength points cannot be assumed to have 9/10ths the firepower. Consider the fire levels to be an indication of the "significant digits" of the amount of fire being supplied by the unit.

Stragglers have also been attacked in game reviews, characterized as too much work to be worth it. A player who thinks about his units and rebuilds them as they are lost in stragglers will clean your clock. Players who think ahead to the later stages of the battle, who conserve their troops, and who rebuild them after loss, will generally kick the living "daylights" out of players who don't want to be bothered with it. It's your choice.

On the whole, the changes in this set of rules attempted to maintain the actual series rules as they were presented in the first edition with the majority of the work being spent on rewriting and filling in the blanks so as to make the rules much tighter. The changes that were made were based on comments which pointed out undesirable effects and unintended results. For instance, the command radius "double zone" rule that confused many players was ditched and replaced with a single corps HQ to division commander range. The facing to hex corner rule was dumped because there were no benefits and a number of sacrifices involved in facing to a hex corner.

These rules can be applied to earlier games in the series without modification. However, one should watch for the initiative restrictions placed on leaders in the earlier games. Since initiative was made much harder to get (so as to preclude misuse), some of the restrictions on initiative applied in earlier games may be too much when used with these rules. Those should be approached on a case by case basis with the goal being a roughly similar reduction in the probability to get initiative.

Some have commented that the Fire Tables are too bloody. After seeing all manner of styles of play, the tables stand as they are written. When troops are used in a historical fashion, historical levels of loss are generated. The players who manage to drive the butcher's bills through the roof are, without a doubt, causing their own grief by mishandling or overusing their troops. This game system does not cushion the blow. If you do something dumb, the game system will happily hand you a bloody nose. Likewise, good play will be rewarded. Handling troops in a tactically inept or thoughtless manner will destroy your units—correct play requires every engagement to be handled as a miniature tactical problem: how do I use the terrain? My infantry? My guns? Pushing two lines together and watching them grind each other down is the wrong way to fight.

2nd Edition, Revised

Changes from the prior printing include the dropping of the standard rounding rule (which, in this series, caused more problems than it was worth), the new artillery long range effects rule (26.3a), the addition of the Procrastination rule and Hidden Movement (as optionals), and a multiple dice roll system for combat resolution (which speeds fire combat resolution enormously).

In the place of the usual rounding rule, round all fire point fractions down (upon final application) and other roundings are handled on a case by case basis. The regular rounding caused artillery "pot shots" to be resolved as 1 fire point combats (1/2 rounded to 1) and that was excessive—so much so, the new artillery at range rule was added to further deaden the effect of artillery on troop units at long ranges.

Optional Rules

Defensive Orders (Optional)

When playing a CWB game, have you ever wondered why the defensive player gets off so easily concerning the command system? After all, the guy on the attack has to do all the work. He writes the orders, rolls for corps attack stoppage, and when it all falls apart, starts over. In the meantime, the defensive player just sits there, smug in the knowledge that his orders won't fail. After all, usually, he doesn't have any.

But what if he did? Why not issue defensive orders as well? Forcing both sides to participate fully in the command system might result in some very interesting games. Therefore, the following rules are proposed as a variant of the CWB command system. All of the below rules should be considered additions to the existing rules, except the No-Orders status, which must be changed to reflect these additions.

No-Orders status is no longer defined as being an assumed defensive status. Instead, a unit that is attacked while having no orders is allowed to engage in combat for no more than two turns. By the end of this two turn limit, the force must have accepted some form of orders (via initiative or from a superior) or must immediately implement an Emergency Corps Retreat, paying the straggler die-roll penalty for same. Additionally, a force with no orders, and with no units currently engaged in any combat (except artillery fire from 4 or more hexes distance), has 2 added to the acceptance number for order acceptance, or 1 added to any initiative dice rolls made by leaders in that force. Any unit that has not accepted an order is considered to have no orders, including units that have orders currently delayed.

Defensive orders must be written for all forces that the player wishes to defend positions. Defensive orders are accepted like any other order. A defensive order needs to specify the geographic limits of the ground to be defended. Sometimes the orders may be fairly simple, as in "defend Cemetery and Culp's Hills from attack from the North." Usually, defensive orders should specify right and left flanks and some degree of the depth of defense needed. When doubt arises, create a defensive "box" by specifying limits in all four directions. All of the same conditions that apply when writing normal orders apply to writing defensive ones, except that anti-initiatives and any other restrictions on initiative are ignored. Once a force has accepted a defensive order, that force may defend the position to the best of its ability subject only to new orders or an unsuccessful Corps Defense Failure die roll.

Corps Defense Failure: Once a corps with a defensive order has been attacked by enemy infantry or dismounted cavalry units, it must start rolling for Corps Defense Failure. On every Command Phase after the triggering attack, the defensive player must roll two dice on the Corps Attack Stoppage Table, which now does double-duty as the Corps Defense Failure Table as well. Whenever rolling for a defensive order, automatically add one to the roll since defensive orders were usually easier to carry out than attacks. All normal modifiers to the table also apply to units in defensive situations, except: ignore the night modifier from the Corps Attack Stoppage Table for defensive checks. The dice are rolled and the table is consulted just as if attack stoppage were being checked. If the force passes the dice roll, nothing happens and the defensive units may continue to fight normally. If the force fails its roll, however, the force must implement an Emergency Corps Retreat in the next friendly Movement and Close Combat Phase. In addition to the normal ECR rules, the HQ must retreat at least 12 MPs (units without HQs must individually retreat until each unit has retreated 12 MPs). Furthermore, the retreat rule is fully enforced and no "doubling back" is allowed. Subsequently, the force is then considered to have no orders.

If the attacking player ceases his attack for any reason, the defensive player no longer needs to make defense failure checks. In other words, the defensive player only rolls for checks during command phases which immediately follow turns where enemy infantry or dismounted cavalry made attacks on units of the defending force. In all cases, enemy artillery bombardment alone does not trigger a defense check dice roll.

Divisions operating under defensive divisional goals are also subject to defensive checks, just as if they were corps. A division rolls on the table as if it were an independent corps of one division strength, and all normal modifiers apply. If the divisional leader is killed or wounded, apply the modifier for a killed or wounded corps commander to the dice roll.

The Use of Breastworks (Optional)

What follows is a compromise. Rather than adding countersheets to games just to include the necessary 60-70 breastwork markers required of a mandatory rule, this optional set of breastwork rules is offered with the caveat that gamers will need to create their own markers or borrow them from other games. The counters will need to be marked on one side with an "under construction" symbol, and the completed works on the other. A completed breastworks should afford three contiguous protected hexsides which correspond to the frontal hexsides of an infantry unit in line. The following should not be used in games that are occurring before January 1, 1863.

1. Who Can Build Breastworks. Only infantry units in line formation who are at least four hexes away from any enemy unit may build breastworks. Artillery and cavalry may occupy a finished breastwork hex, but may not build them alone. Cavalry lacked both the tools and inclination to do such work, while artillery had the tools but not the manpower to do so.

2. Construction of Breastworks. On any turn, at the start of the Movement and Close Combat Phase, the player places any "under construction" markers he desires, and flips over any previously placed markers (from earlier) to their breastwork side as long as the infantry unit remains qualified as described above in 1. Under construction markers on units which are not at least four hexes from the enemy may not be flipped over, but may remain in place indefinitely until the proper conditions are fulfilled. Any unit marked with an under construction marker may move, but if this leaves the hex without a qualified unit (as per 1, above) the under construction marker is removed.

3. Facing and Removal of Completed Breastworks. At the time the marker is flipped to its completed side, it may be faced as desired—once this is done the marker may never change its facing. Only one breastwork marker is allowed per hex—you may not create miniature forts using multiple markers. At the end of any Movement and Close Combat Phase in which a breastwork marker is alone in a hex, it is removed. If one side captures an enemy breastwork hex via close combat, the marker is removed. A defender who successfully repulses an attacker keeps the marker, but if both sides vacate the hex, the marker is removed.

4. Effects of Breastworks. A unit fired upon via breastwork protective hexsides alone (determined by the orientation of the marker) receives two benefits: a -1 to the die (not a column shift) on the Fire Table, and a +1 shift on the Morale Table. Furthermore, it is not required to retreat given a morale result marked with a single asterisk (*).

5. Leaders and Breastworks. Considering that these rules are optional, consider the following very optional! In any game before 1 January 1864, a leader must successfully obtain initiative before any unit in his command may construct breastworks. No anti-initiatives are ever applied to this roll. Contrary to the Second Edition rules—for this purpose only—more than one leader may roll for a given formation, i.e. if a corps commander fails, his division commanders may check also. Independent units always have permission to build and do not need initiative.

Conversion of Breastworks to Trenches. Units may convert breastworks to trenches in a game occurring after 1 May 1864.

The Process of Conversion. Breastworks may be converted into trenches by regularly qualified units which remain qualified for 12 hours of game time. While converting, these units may not move. If an enemy unit approaches within 4 hexes, the conversion is interrupted (see 2, below). Some sort of written record will need to be kept of units attempting to convert and the elapsed time spent on conversion.
Interruption of Conversion. A unit that is interrupted does not lose accumulated time (unless, of course, said unit was forced from the hex in which case the breastworks themselves are forfeit) but instead may wait and resume accumulating time when it again fulfills the requirements.
Completion and Effects of Trenches. At the end of 12 hours—specifically at the end of the friendly Movement and Close Combat Phase—replace the breastworks marker with a trench marker. Use markers similar to the breastwork ones with double lines or a different color. Trenches provide protection only from fires through the same set of hexsides the breastwork marker did. The benefits are those given in the series rules and on the standard charts and tables. Once completed, trenches are never removed from play (unless new trenches are built in the hex with a different facing, etc.) and either side may use them (given the facing of the trench marker).

Writing Your Orders: What Do They Mean?

The CWB series is not, by and large, a complex beast to learn or play. It does contain an element that may give many potential players pause—written orders. While not a hex-by-hex plotting system (with all of the slow play that entails), it is necessary to issue to your corps concise instructions for movement and attacks. In effect, this is a free-form orders system governed by that ominous phrase: "use common sense..."

Still, common sense is required. Gamers are intelligent and once they understand the thrust of a concept they can apply it to individual cases with ease. A greater understanding of the command processes in the Civil War will lead to more successful interpretation in specific instances.

Command in the Civil War had yet to become the science that's taught today in war colleges world-wide. Compared to the operations orders of the modern military, Civil War instructions between a commander and his subordinate were much more informal. Approaching Gettysburg on July 1st, 1863, Ewell and A.P. Hill (CSA Corps Commanders) were simply ordered to concentrate their troops in the vicinity of Gettysburg and "not to bring on a general engagement before the rest of the army [was] up."

Consider a much more complex order, Lee's instructions to Longstreet for the July 2nd attack around the Round Tops. Lee ordered Longstreet's corps to attack en echelon with the axis of advance of the Emmitsburg Road, in order to catch the Union army in the flank. "En echelon" requires a wave-type action—units attack from the left or the right (which is designated before the attack) with a brief pause between units. This delay causes a rippling effect and is intended to confuse the enemy as to where the main thrust will occur. When Longstreet was in position, he discovered that Lee's orders no longer fit the actual situation. In game terms, Longstreet then received initiative orders to change the existing attack plan.

Finally, a third example, Lee's infamous Special Orders 191. This is the order which was lost and fell into the hands of McClellan during the Antietam Campaign alerting him to Lee's dispositions. This order, which covered the various movements of all the major elements of Lee's army down to the division level, was only a couple of pages long—9 short paragraphs in all. Yet this order controlled the movements of more than 40,000 men, accomplishing no less than three different operations, and included logistical instructions.

In short, Civil War orders were usually informal, quickly jotted notes, which ideally covered the commander's full intent. Players should try to match this same goal. At the end of the game, when rereading your order log, your opponent or a third party should be able to grasp your intent without a lot of explanation. A well written order might specify that a given corps move along a road, attack the enemy at a given location, and specify that the objective of the attack is to capture that same given point. This order would require only a sentence to convey the whole meaning of the instruction. Only in very complex situations would anything like hex boundaries be required.

The most frequent abuse of the command system is not poor order writing, but rather stems from the fact that units are allowed to move and fight freely within command radius. Units within command radius can find themselves doing all sorts of things simply because there is no reason to move the HQ. Command radius abuse is easily solved. In short, two criteria should be applied—command radius and requirement for orders. Not only must the player check for command range, but must also ask if the involved units need orders to be able to undertake the desired actions. If the answer to the second question is yes, then the next step is to ask if, indeed, these units have orders (either from higher command or via initiative) allowing units to undertake the action in question. If both of these needs are not met, the activity should not occur.

For clarification, more in-depth definitions of various order types:

Complex Orders should be very broadly interpreted. Not only do complex orders cover easily defined attacks such as frontal assaults—Pickett's charge is a very clear-cut case of an attack order—but also movement that could bring about an encounter with the enemy. Any movement towards an objective not currently or last held by friendly units should be construed as a complex order and handled appropriately.

For example, assume that neither player has occupied Little Round Top. If either player wishes to send troops to that location and defend it, such orders would still be complex orders since the hill was not previously held by friendly forces and such movement might initiate combat with enemy units which may also attempt to occupy the place. If there is any real doubt about the combativeness of a particular movement, make it complex.

Simple Orders will be less frequently used. Simple orders are designed to allow troops to be shifted from one position to another within friendly lines, etc. Arriving reinforcements, for example, often are ordered simply to report to the army HQ. Assigning these units a position in a defensive line, so as to shift other troops elsewhere, is a simple order. The key questions to ask here are: 1. Is the end-point of the route still in friendly hands, and 2. Does the route specified involve conflict? An order directing a command to move between friendly controlled points, but specifying a route that is blocked by enemy forces, requires a complex order, not a simple order. As a rule of thumb, a simple order that has its instructions negated by enemy activity is considered unfulfillable and new orders must be issued. For example, suppose the Federal player controls Little Round Top (LRT), Cemetery Hill, and the Taneytown Road between those two points. The Union player orders some troops off LRT and moves another force south along the road to occupy LRT instead. Suddenly, the CSA player captures LRT—which was just left vacant—and the Union force moving south along the Taneytown Road cannot finish its original simple order without attacking to recapture LRT. The current order cannot be completed. New orders or initiative must be used in order to allow an attack on LRT. Note that simple orders do not completely prohibit combat—if the above force had been able to occupy LRT without contest, but then was attacked, there would be no problem in fulfilling the order as written. As a quick rule of thumb, simple orders prohibit offensive not defensive combat.

No Orders is a condition rather than a positive order. Troops without any orders should be considered to be defending in place. Forces without orders are still allowed considerable latitude in order to fight off attacks. Implied in this condition is the ability to counterattack on a limited scale, which is why the rules state that units do not need orders to move and fight. It is fully within the scope of the rules to allow units, once attacked, to counterattack to recapture lost ground. Of course, units under orders (complex or simple) in this situation are still obligated to try to fulfill (or alter) previous instructions. The mere act of being assaulted while under orders does not automatically void existing commands. Once attacked, however, units without orders should be free to move and fight without restriction up to the limits of command radius. Of course, any action which calls for the movement of the Corps HQ must be triggered through orders or emergency corps retreat. In trying to decide if a given combat is legal in the current framework of a unit's orders, remember that a no-orders force cannot initiate attacks in the larger sense of that word. They can fire during "offensive" fire and conduct close combats. They can conduct counterattacks and other such limited offensive actions needed to defend their position.

Divisional Goals represent a different kind of order and are most useful for detached missions. Often, players won't want to send an entire corps off on some flank protection or other such mission, but will still want a force to guard against emergencies. Divisional goals should contain more detail than a corps order. A corps is always limited because its HQ is unable to move without positive orders and, therefore, operations are ultimately limited by command radius.

A divisional goal has no such self-governing mechanism. Therefore, a division with a goal to attack or defend a certain locale should have specific geographic limits placed upon its operations. For instance, a division assigned to defend a road between points X and Y would be unable to advance or retreat past X or Y without new orders, initiative or an emergency corps retreat.

Issuing orders is only part of the job. Once orders are implemented, the player is expected to carry them out—even if events have changed enough to make a player regret his earlier choices. Usually, the most frustrating of orders are attacks which looked brilliant when issued, but now seem more dubious of success. No mandatory restrictions on exact percentages engaged or loss levels are imposed—rejecting these solutions as "gamey." No Civil War general sat down with some master chart that told him how much pressure to bring to bear on an objective. He would tend to press the issue as much as he could without endangering his command. In game terms, the player is obligated to make some effort to put troops into combat as long as the order holds. Piecemeal brigade attacks or several brigades engaging only at two hex range seem to be a fine re-creation of foot-dragging.

For players who prefer a firmer standard: when any order is written, indicate with a number from 1 to 3 how aggressively it is to be followed. For instance, a player who assigned a 1 to an attack is allowed to press very lightly—perhaps one brigade at a time or the two-hex range option. A player who commits himself to a 3 is doomed to a full scale assault, no matter what the odds. A 2 would commit a player to the middle ground, perhaps using 50% of his force at a time. This number doesn't affect acceptance in any way. Changing intensity value would require a new order or initiative. Alternatively, a player could jot down a descriptive word or two indicating the intended ferocity of his assault, ranging from "probing attack" to "all out attack." Note that these solutions are offered only as suggestions and should not be construed as "official."

In closing, a few words about trust as it applies to the game. A certain minimal amount of trust is expected from all players—to obey orders, etc. Many die rolls are to be made in secret and players should feel comfortable concerning the honesty implied in these rolls. There is no mechanism in these games to prohibit cheating and it is easy to circumvent the system if one tries. However, creating such an airtight structure would also produce games with very little interest in playing. All of the games in this series will continue to demand a certain amount of honesty and trust between players.

Extended Movement (Optional)

One of the most common complaints about board games is that achieving true surprise over your opponent is impossible. After all, he's watching every move you make. Jackson's dramatic flank march at Chancellorsville is a waste of time, and what fool would go to the lengths Longstreet did at Gettysburg, just to avoid being seen?

The problem stems from the fact that even though you may have completely duped your opponent, once you start movement—with only six movement points—you're hardly going to turn up in his rear before he issues corrective orders. Of course, if you had 20 or 30 MPs to spend in one turn, you could put troops into column, slip around on an unguarded road, go back into line, and hit him a devastating rear attack—all in one turn.

The basic thrust of this variant calls for a player to be able to issue orders to a force which allow the command in question to remain quietly in one place on the map—seemingly inoffensive and meek. All the while, the force would actually be accumulating movement points, a full allowance for each turn that goes by. Then, at the time of his choosing, the acting player could suddenly set this command in motion, expending all of its 'saved' MPs in one devastating turn.

In order to reap the benefits of this rule, the player would need to observe the following restrictions:

The player must issue an order to a command that specifies the directed force as making a 'surprise move.' All elements affected by this order must be listed (say, all of 1 Corps plus J/2 attached) and a detailed route. Roads work best here, since they are easier to specify.
Once the order is accepted, the force cannot physically move or conduct activities like straggler recovery or ammo resupply. They must remain in place in line formation. They may not conduct fire combat of any type.
Each Movement and Close Combat Phase commencing with the phase immediately following order acceptance, the phasing player must roll a die for each surprise moving force, and consult the MP Accumulation Table. The result will either be a pass—indicating that all of the turn's MPs may be saved and used later—or a fail—which means the march has been discovered. At the beginning of any Movement and Close Combat Phase, the player may forego this die roll and elect to execute the march voluntarily, at which time the force resumes normal functioning—the surprise order is then carried out in a normal turn by turn manner. This initial movement may continue until all accumulated MPs have been expended or until the lead element reaches a "blocked hex" (see below).

Upon discovery, the force immediately moves along the indicated route until all accumulated MPs are expended or its lead element reaches a blocked hex—exactly as if the player had voluntarily elected to execute the movement.

Conditions and Definitions

Concealed Movement. When the phasing player actually begins the movement of the surprise force—either by choice or discovery—he must follow his assigned route until either all the accumulated MPs have been expended or he reaches a blocked hex. A "blocked hex" is defined as any hex at or within two hexes of an enemy infantry, cavalry, or artillery unit. Furthermore, a "blocked hex" is considered reached if the phasing player, while following his route, enters a hex that can be seen by an enemy unit or leader in keeping with standard LOS and current visibility. Once the blocked hex is reached, the moving player may move the surprise units 6 more MPs or the remainder of their accumulated MPs—whichever is less. He may conduct close combat and normal fire combat.

Enemy Interference. If the enemy attacks any unit of a surprise force with artillery fire at five hexes or greater, the combat is resolved normally, except that the defending player secretly ignores the result and does not record any straggler or casualty losses. Morale results are also ignored, but the defending player can mark his units with appropriate results (Sh, Dg, etc.) and execute any retreats to preserve the illusion. Units may recover morale and return to their previous locations—the only kind of movement allowed in exception to #1 above. When the owning player initiates his surprise move, simply remove any of these 'sham' markers and return units to their proper locations.

If the enemy attacks any surprise unit with units at four hexes or less, the surprise move is triggered. Additionally, any enemy combat unit (infantry, cavalry, or artillery) that ends its movement at or within two hexes of a surprise unit also triggers the order. This trigger is handled in the following manner:

The surprise player informs his opponent that a surprise move has been triggered. Any attacks against surprise units are ignored, but enemy units may not pass through or move into hexes occupied by surprise units. They may fire through such hexes.
At the beginning of his Movement and Close Combat Phase, the surprise player immediately executes the surprise order subject to the following conditions: A. He must follow the designated route. B. He may only expend 1/2 of his accumulated MPs. He may not expend the additional 6 MPs he would normally get for that turn. He may not stop short of expending 1/2 of his MPs unless he reaches a blocked hex—in which case all movement ceases. All additional MPs over the 1/2 allowed are lost.

Voluntary Cancellation. A player may change a surprise force's order during a normal Command Phase by sending it new orders or by initiative. When sending new orders, arrival time is calculated by adding the expected amount of accumulated MPs to the actual distance to the force's HQ. For example, if the 1st Corps HQ is 20 MPs away from the Army commander—normal time delay would be two turns. However, 1st Corps has accumulated 12 MPs so another two turns must be expended to deliver the order—for a total of 4 turns. Initiative requires no such time delay calculation.

Once the time delay has passed, the surprise force begins to check for acceptance normally. Until the new order is accepted, the surprise order must be followed. At any time during this stage, the player could still choose to implement the surprise order, but would continue to roll for the newly received one.

Once he has succeeded in changing his orders, the player has two options: he may execute the old surprise order as it has progressed so far, and then begin to execute the new order's instructions. Alternatively, he may reverse the order—rolling on the MP Accumulation Table to subtract MPs from the accumulated total—in order to preserve secrecy. Once the total is zero, he could then start executing the new orders. If discovered, however, he would still have to immediately expend the accumulated MPs as described in Enemy Interference above.

Surprise Move Collision. It is possible, though unlikely, that both sides will attempt to use portions of the same route for a surprise move at the same time. In these cases, the players can either allow the player who started his move first to complete all of it and consider the other player's move cancelled with accumulated MPs lost. Or, both players can conduct a semi-simultaneous move in the following manner:

Player A begins his move and indicates his route.
Player B checks for any overlap with his own move, and if finding any, informs A.
A now moves his force 6 MPs.
B does the same.
Both players continue alternating this pattern until either all MPs are expended (if one side has more accumulated, he may simply finish his move at the end of the alternation) or they come within 6 MPs of each other. At that point, both forces are done moving and the normal sequence of events resumes. Note that in this instance, the non-phasing player actually moves his force during his opponent's phase. These units may not move again in their own following Movement and Close Combat Phase—consider them already moved. The phasing player, however, may move freely in his next phase—giving him a slight advantage.

Either method may be used as long as both players agree beforehand.

Initiative Use. In addition to the use of initiative to cancel or supersede an order, players may use their leaders to alter a specified route in order to avoid a blocked hex. If, as he expends his accumulated MPs a player discovers he is about to enter a blocked hex, he can have the ranking leader of the force (not a subordinate) roll for initiative to alter his route. If successful, the player may deviate from the specified route in order to avoid the blocked hex. He must announce his intended detour route, and his detour must seek to regain the specified route as rapidly as possible. Note that each avoidance of a blocked hex requires a separate initiative roll. Failure to receive initiative means that the force enters the blocked hex and follows the procedure above. Note that changing the objective or the orders as a whole via initiative would still need to be done in the normal Command Phase—not during this detour procedure. Only the route may be modified in this manner. As an added bonus, allow any force that is accompanied by at least one cavalry brigade to modify this detour initiative roll by +1 to the dice.

Forced Marches. Players may also add forced march MPs onto the accumulated MP total, up to the four max each turn, as per the normal rules. Of course stragglers should be checked for normally, but rolls should be made secretly to preserve the surprise. Note that even if a surprise move is cancelled and a unit is subtracting MPs, it still must make straggler checks if using forced marching.

Visibility Limits. A maximum visibility limit of 20 hexes is imposed. In the series, no visibility limits are set during clear weather as no unit can ever fire more than 10 hexes. Here, a special limit needs to be imposed as a limit to long range observation which would be hindered by woods, buildings, and brush too small to be printed on the map as well as the ever present haze. In situations where weather intrudes, games will specify other (shorter) maximum visibility limits.

General Comments. The above rule simulates wide flanking marches such as Longstreet's and Jackson's in an admittedly abstract manner. Yet, it adds a real measure of suspense. Suddenly, control of high ground like Little Round Top or Cemetery Hill becomes critical—providing vantage points to keep an eye on the enemy. Cavalry, with fast movement and more latitude in using divisional goals, will be used in their historical roles by alert commanders—to screen flanks and to cover hidden roads.

In order to prevent too much tedious plotting, specify road routes wherever possible. In some instances, it may be necessary to list specific hexes to avoid disputes. Another option is to conduct approach movements at night, when visibility is nil and only the actual presence of enemy troops need be worried about.

The two hex radius of enemy forces represents the posted pickets of those units. These pickets would rarely be placed further than four hundred yards from their parent units. Again, this makes cavalry especially useful in screening flanks—these brigades serve as tripwires against enemy forces.

The table is provided to make surprise marches more difficult to achieve the greater the distance that is attempted. Hence, the longer the march, the more the risk of premature discovery, and subsequently the more separated and exposed to piecemeal destruction one's forces will be.

MP Accumulation Table

Roll	Turn 1	Turn 2	Turn 3	Turn 4+
1-3	Pass	Pass	Pass	Pass
4	Pass	Pass	Pass	Fail
5	Pass	Pass	Fail	Fail
6	Pass	Fail	Fail	Fail

-1 from the die roll if during a full or partial night turn.

Charts and Tables

Command Points

Leader Rating	4, 3	2, 1	0
Points Available	16	12	8

Initiative Table

Leader Rating	4	3	2, 1	0
Success	9	10	11	12
Loose cannon	2	2	2	2

Command Radius

Corps HQ to Division Leader — 8 MP. Division Leader to Brigade — 4 MP.

Order Delivery

Every 10 MP or portion of 10 MP between sender and receiver = 1 turn. Check for acceptance on the turn the above number of turns from now.

Order Costs

Method: Oral — 3, Written — 5. Type: Complex — 3, Simple — 1.

Acceptance Table

Acceptance Value = Leader Rating (Sender) + Leader Rating (Receiver, Army HQ Rating = 2) + Method (Oral -1, Written +0, In Person +2) + Type (Complex -2, Simple +0).

Shift LEFT one column if Receiver has an Accepted order or an order in Delay.

Dice	-3	-2 to -1	0 to 1	2 to 3	4 to 5	6 to 7	8+
2	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt
3	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D2
4	D2	D2	D2	D2	D1	A	A
5	D2	D2	D2	D2	A	A	A
6	D2	D2	D2	A	D1	D1	A
7	D2	D1	D1	D1	D1	D1	D1
8	D1	D1	D1	D1	D2	D1	D1
9	D2	D2	D1	D1	A	A	A
10	Dt	D2	D2	D2	D1	A	D1
11	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D1	D2	D2
12	Dt	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D2	D2

Result: A — Immediate Acceptance. D1 — Die roll each subsequent turn for Acceptance, 1 or 2 on one die to Accept. D2 — Die roll each subsequent turn for Acceptance, 1 on one die to Accept. Dt — Order distorted, thrown away.

Optional: No orders can be sent to this command until a 6 is rolled (on one die). Roll once each turn in the Delay Reduction Segment.

Corps Attack Stoppage Table

Number of Divisions in Corps (columns) cross-indexed with Number of Wrecked Divisions (rows) gives the Stoppage Table column to use:

Wrecked \ Divisions in Corps	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2
2	1	1	2	2	2	3	4
3	2	2	2	2	3	4
4	2	2	2	3	4
5	2	2	3	4
6	2	3	4
7	3	4
8	4

+1 if the original Corps Leader has been lost.

Cross-index that Stoppage column with Leader Rating for the roll needed (two dice) to pass:

Leader Rating	Stoppage Column 1	2	3	4
4, 3	3	5	8	10
2, 1	3	6	9	11
0	4	7	10	12

Roll number or greater on two dice to pass. Die Roll Modifiers: -3 at Night. Optional Defensive Orders: +1 Defense Order (ignore -3 for Night).

Close Combat Resolution & Odds Table

Sequence of Events: A) Attacker moves into defender's hex at +1 MP cost. B) Defender's Fire Combat; apply losses and stragglers to Attacker. C) Attacker's Fire Combat; apply losses and stragglers to Defender. D) Attacker checks morale with -6 modifier; if required to retreat, combat ends. E) Defender checks morale with -4 modifier; if required to retreat, combat ends and the defender makes an additional morale check (without the close combat modifier). F) If none of the above ends the combat, resolve the Close Combat using the Odds Table below. Loser must retreat (2 hexes if defender, 1 hex if attacker). Again, if the defender must retreat, he must make an additional morale check.

Additional morale checks are only required of losing defenders and do not use the close combat morale modifiers. The close combat modifiers are used in addition to any others that might be applicable.

Die Roll	1-2 or less	1-1	2-1	3-1	4-1 or more
1	D	D	D	D	D
2	D	D	D	D	1/2 A
3	D	D	D	1/2 A	A
4	D	D	1/2 A	A	A
5	D	1/2 A	A	A	A
6+	A	A	A	A	A

D = Defender wins. Attacker retreats 1 hex. 1/2 A = Roll again, 1-3 = D, 4-6 = A. A = Attacker wins. Defender retreats 2 hexes and makes additional Morale Check. Defender is x2 in Sunken Road or Trench (if applicable).

Die Roll Modifiers: +1 Defender is wrecked Brigade. +2 Defender is wrecked Brigade of wrecked Division. -2 Attacker is wrecked Brigade.

Unit Strength Point Value for Odds: AA or more = 6, AB = 5, A = 4, B = 2, C or Artillery = 1. Low Ammo, DG Morale, and Formation have no effect on strength. Strength over AA has no additional effect. Routed defending units automatically Rout (Back 2, Straggle 3) instead of rolling on the Odds Table.

Formation Effects

Type Unit	Formation	Fire Combat	Movement	Close Combat
Infantry	Line	Yes	Yes	Yes
Infantry	Column	No	Yes, may use roads	Yes
Cavalry	Dismounted	Yes	Yes, as infantry	No
Cavalry	Mounted	No	Yes, may use roads	No
Artillery	Unlimbered	Yes	No	No
Artillery	Limbered	No	Yes	No

Morale State Effects

Type	Fire	Movement	Close Combat
Blood Lust	NE	NE	Yes
Normal	NE	NE	Yes
Shaken	NE	NE	No
Disorganized	1/2	1/2	No
Routed	No	Special*	No

* See 24.1b

Order Log

On any blank sheet of paper, preferably lined, make the following column headings: Order Number, Arrival Time, Receiver, Sender, Type and Method, Acceptance Status. Allow one line per order and enough room per column to record the required information (about one inch will do).

Stacking (Summary)

In one hex — Max Fire: 1x A Fire Level and/or 5 Gun Points. Max Stacking: 3x A Fire Level and/or 10 Gun Points.

Fire Determination Chart

Small Arms — Fire Points by Fire Level and range (Close Combat / Range 1 / Range 2), plus weapon values in parentheses:

Fire Level	Close Combat	Range 1	Range 2
A	8 (12)	4 (6)	2 (2)
B	4 (6)	2 (3)	1 (1)
C	2 (3)	1 (2)	1/2 (1/2)

Artillery — Fire Points by Gun Points and range:

Gun Points	Close Combat	Range 1	Range 2-3	Range 4-6	Range 7-8	Range 9-10
5	10	5	3	1	1/2	1/2
4	8	4	2	1	1/2	1/2
3	6	3	2	1/2	1/2	0
2	4	2	1	1/2	1/2	0
1	2	1	1	1/2	0	0

Artillery fire points used on wagon and artillery targets is x1 at all ranges. Artillery fire points used on all other target types are x1 up to (and including) 3 hexes; fires at 4 hexes or more at these targets are x1/2.

Fire Combat Table

Combat Table Modifiers (Column Shifts). Each line is used only once, even if multiple conditions on the line are true.

-1 Up Slope or Extreme Slope, in either case Firer must be at lower elevation than target
-1 Target in Sunken Road or Trench
-2 Night
-1 One or more Firers is Low Ammo
+2 Target is Column, Limbered, Flank, Disorganized, or Routed
+3 Mounted Target
-3 Defender's fire in Close Combat, if attacked from a Flank

Dice \ Total Fire Points	<1	1	2	3-4	5-6	7-8	9-11	12-14	15-17	18-20	>20
2	-	-	-	m-1	1/2	1/2	1	1	1	1	1 1/2
3	-	-	m-2	m-1	1/2	1	1	1	1	1 1/2	1 1/2
4	-	-	m-2	1/2	1/2	1	1	1	1 1/2	1 1/2	1 1/2
5	-	-	m-1	1/2	1	1	1	1 1/2	1 1/2	1 1/2	2
6	-	m-2	m	1/2	1	1	1 1/2	1 1/2	1 1/2	2	2
7	m-2	m-1	1/2	1	1	1 1/2	1 1/2	1 1/2	2	2	2 1/2
8	m-1	m	1	1	1 1/2	1 1/2	1 1/2	2	2	2 1/2	2 1/2
9	m	1/2	1	1	1 1/2	1 1/2	2	2	2 1/2	2 1/2	3
10	1/2	1	1	1 1/2	1 1/2	2	2	2 1/2	2 1/2	3	3 1/2
11	1/2	1	1	1 1/2	2	2	2 1/2	2 1/2	3	3 1/2	3 1/2

Notes: "-" = No Effect. "m-2" = Morale Check, up 2. "m-1" = Morale Check, up 1. "m" = Morale Check. A number = that many casualties, plus a Straggler Check and a Morale Check.

On 1/2 Loss... Die 1-3: Round Down (1 1/2 becomes 1). Die 4-6: Round Up (1 1/2 becomes 2).

Leader Loss Check. If a stack takes a casualty, roll two dice for each leader in the stack: 2 = Leader is Killed. 3-10 = No Effect. 11-12 = Leader is Wounded.

Straggler Table

Fire Loss 1/2 to 1 (roll one die, cross-index with unit's Morale rating):

Die \ Morale	A	B	C	D	E
1	-	-	-	1	1
2	-	-	-	1	1
3	-	-	1	1	1
4	-	1	1	1	2
5	-	1	1	1	2
6	1	1	1	2	2
7	1	1	2	2	3
8	1	2	2	2	3

Fire Loss 1 1/2 or more:

Die \ Morale	A	B	C	D	E
1	-	1	1	1	2
2	-	1	1	2	2
3	-	1	1	2	2
4	1	1	2	3	3
5	1	2	2	3	3
6	1	2	3	3	3
7	2	3	3	4	4
8	2	3	3	4	4

Die Roll Modifiers: +1 to die if unit is DG, Mounted, or hit in the flank. +2 to die if unit is Routed, from a wrecked brigade, or fire is at Night. Fire Result (which determines table used) is BEFORE rounding. Fire results less than 1/2 do not require straggler checks. Numbers in the table are Strength Points Lost to Stragglers.

Gun Loss Table

Roll for any artillery unit that must limber in a ZOC or in close combat. Note that whenever unlimbered guns must retreat, they must limber to do so.

Die	Gun Points Lost
1-2	0
3-4	1
5	2
6	3

Straggler Recovery Table

Roll one die for each marked brigade. +2 to die at night.

Morale \ Die	0	1	2
A	1	2-5	6
B	1-2	3-5	6
C	1-3	4-6
D/E	1-4	5-6

Column headings are Strength Points Recovered. See restrictions (21.2).

Morale Table

Row is the unit's Morale Level (A-E) modified by Morale Table Modifiers below; roll two dice (read as a two-digit number, e.g. a red 6 and white 4 is "64") and find the column containing the result:

Base Row	Blood Lust: No Effect	No Effect	Shaken	Shaken: Back One*	Disorganized: Back One*	Disorganized: Back Two, Straggle One**	Routed: Back Two, Straggle Three**
A (top)	11-16	21-54	55-62	63-64	65	66
A (mid)	11-15	16-53	54-62	63-64	65	66
A (bottom)	11-14	15-53	54-62	63-64	65	66
B (top)	11-13	14-46	51-55	56-62	63-64	65	66
B (mid)	11-12	13-45	46-55	56-62	63-64	65	66
C (top)	11-12	13-42	43-53	54-61	62-63	64-65	66
C (mid)	11	12-33	34-45	46-55	56-62	63-64	65-66
D (top)	11	12-26	31-44	45-55	56-62	63-64	65-66
D (mid)	11	12-25	26-43	44-54	55-62	63-64	65-66
E (top)		11-21	22-36	41-52	53-56	61-63	64-66
E (mid)		11-14	15-34	35-51	52-56	61-63	64-66
E (low)		11-13	14-33	34-46	51-55	56-63	64-66
(further shifted rows)		11-31	32-44	45-54	55-62	63-66
		11-24	25-42	43-52	53-61	62-66

*Units stacked with unlimbered artillery (not guns alone in a hex) or those in a sunken road or trench may ignore the retreat result. **Even units qualifying above must retreat. Unlimbered artillery MUST limber to retreat (even one hex), and must roll on the Gun Loss Table if in an EZOC or in a Close Combat when forced to do so.

Back # — Retreat given number of hexes. Straggle # — Lose given number of Steps to stragglers.

Morale Table Modifiers (row shifts, "+" is UP, "-" is DOWN; each line used only once, even if multiple conditions are true):

+3 Unit is in Sunken Road or Trench
+1 Unit is Stacked with unlimbered Artillery (does not apply to artillery units themselves)
+(Rating-1) Leaders

Top Unit in Stack is...

-1 Low Ammo
-1 Shaken
-3 Disorganized
-3 at Night
-4 Wrecked Brigade
-4 Close Combat, Defender
-6 Close Combat, Attacker
-6 Column, Limbered, or Flank Target
-6 Wrecked Brigade of a Wrecked Division (used in place of the -4 above)
-6 Routed

Blood Lust Morale Check: Dice 11-43 = No Effect. Dice 44-66 = Remove Blood Lust.

April's Harvest: The Battle of Shiloh, April 6 & 7, 1862

1.0 General Special Rules

1.1 Special Terrain

1.1a The Tennessee River. No unit can enter an all-river hex.

1.1b Sunken Road. Units in Sunken Road hexes are treated as if they were in a trench for Fire Combat and Morale purposes.

1.1c Ponds. There are a number of small ponds on the map. These are for historical interest and have no effect on play.

1.1d Indian Mounds. The Indian Burial Mounds near the Tennessee River are for historical interest and have no effect on play.

1.1e Rain. From the 10:00pm, 6 April turn until the 2:00am, 7 April turn (inclusive) there is a rain-storm. During these turns no Fire or Close Combats are allowed. All movement allowances are x1/2. Straggler Recovery is not allowed during this period.

1.2 Regiments

There are numerous regimental units in this game. Treat these as brigades for all purposes.

1.3 Attachment and Detachment

Unless established in the scenario at set up, no units can be attached or detached.

1.4 Artillery and Casualty Tracks

Artillery Ammunition for both sides in all scenarios is unlimited and is not recorded or marked. Casualties have no direct bearing on victory, so the tracks to record them have been omitted.

1.5 Plus Weapons

There are no Plus Weapons units in this game.

2.0 Union Special Rules

2.1 Army Organization

Both Union armies are composed of divisions, with no corps structure. Handle all orders as Divisional Goals. Remember, this means each divisional commander is "bolted to the ground" when he has no orders. To avoid having the Divisional Commander retain a full brigade as a body guard when he is so "bolted", the regular stacking requirement (which requires division commanders to stack with one of their brigades) is waived here for the Union. In an exception to the usual Straggler Recovery rules, these divisions can recover stragglers even while on divisional goals.

All non-leader units of the Army of Ohio are marked with the yellow state of Ohio silhouette in the background. All other units belong to the Army of Tennessee.

2.2 Acting Army Commander

Until Grant arrives, the Union player cannot issue orders. The use of initiative is allowed, given 2.4 below. If Grant has arrived and becomes a casualty, use the order of succession for the Army of Tennessee. If Buell becomes a casualty, use the order of succession for the Army of the Ohio.

Army of Tennessee: 1) Sherman, 2) McClernand, 3) Hurlbut, 4) Prentiss, 5) L.Wallace, 6) W. Wallace

Army of Ohio: 1) McCook, 2) Crittenden, 3) Nelson, 4) Wood

2.3 Grant and Buell

Each army commander can only issue orders to units of his own army.

2.4 Surprise

The Army of Tennessee was ill-prepared to meet an assault. Union units and leaders can be in one of two states: Alert or Encamped.

2.4a Alert Units. Units and leaders which are alert perform normally. In scenarios beginning at the start of the battle, only M-6, A-5, and Ch-6 are already Alert.

2.4b Encamped Units. Encamped units and leaders are under the following restrictions: 1) Leaders cannot roll for initiative, 2) Units cannot move, change facing, or change formation, AND 3) such units can fire, but do so at x1/4 firepower. Encamped units have all-around flank facing—they have no frontal hexsides. Units become Alert according to the following schedule:

6:30am: 1-6
7:30am: Sherman, 1-5, 3-5, 4-5, 5 Div Arty, Prentiss, 2-6, Al-6, Cav-6, 6 Div Arty
8:00am: 1 Div (All), 4 Div (All), 2-5, Cav-5
8:30am: All remaining units

It is the Union player's responsibility to keep track of which units are Encamped and which have become Alert. Encamped units only "recover" according to the above—being attacked (etc.) does not speed it along. Units are never released ahead of the above, even if attacked.

2.5 Gunboats

The Union player has two gunboats, the Tyler and the Lexington. When available, each gunboat can fire once per Union Fire Phase at hexes at or within three hexes of the Tennessee River. The two boats can engage the same or different hexes (if they both fire at one hex, their Fire Points must be combined into one attack). No counter represents the boats—they are considered to be running up and down the bank of the river throughout the turn.

2.5a Fire Point Values. Each gunboat has a Fire Point Value based on the distance the target hex is from the river. LOS is not an issue (as it is already taken into account). Hexes along or at one hex from the river can be attacked with 15 Fire Points. Those two hexes away can be attacked with 5 Fire Points. Those three hexes away can be attacked with 1 Fire Point. The gunboats available can only engage one hex each (and can combine their fires with each other and different units) and cannot divide their Fire Points into more than one hex.

2.5b Targeting. Any hex at or within three hexes of any Tennessee River hex can be targeted with the above Fire Points. Other hexes cannot.

Line of Sight is never an issue in Gunboat fires—it is indirect fire and rather random at that.

2.5c Confederate Response. The Confederates can attempt to "run off" one or both gunboats. To do so, station one or more 5-gun point artillery units along the riverbank. For each such unit, roll two dice each turn during the Confederate Command Phase. On a roll of 10 or more, one gunboat withdraws damaged and never returns to play. If both boats are removed in this manner, the Union gunboat capability is lost for the game. Any artillery unit which makes such an attack in a turn cannot make a regular Fire attack in the same turn.

2.6 River Transport

A Union unit beginning its movement phase on a Ferry Hex can be moved to the other Ferry Hex. Only one unit (in column or limbered formation) or wagon, plus any number of leaders and HQs can be transported to, or from, a Ferry Hex each turn. A unit using River Transport cannot move any further that turn.

2.7 Union Supply Trains

The ATenn Supply units are regular Army Supply trains (series rule 28.3) and can resupply any Union unit (even those from the Army of Ohio).

2.8 Arrival of the Army of Ohio

The arrival of Buell's army was a major turning point in the battle—one which was by no means a certainty. Each Union Command Phase (first turn on) roll two dice as an 11..66 roll. If the roll is 65 or more, the Army of Ohio begins to arrive—place all units along the Turn Record Track the number of turns after the current turn as given on the Order of Arrival. On any other result, there is no effect. Make only one roll per turn until the army arrives. If the roll is not successful before the end of the game, Buell never arrives.

2.9 Lew Wallace Gets to the Battle on Time (Optional)

Allow Lew Wallace's Division (3 Div) to arrive at Entry Hex F at 12:00 noon. This option costs the Union player 4 VPs.

Lew Wallace's approach march was fantastically sluggish and convoluted. This option examines what might have been had General Wallace acted with dispatch upon receipt of his orders from Grant on the morning of the 6th.

2.10 The Union Army Drinks LOTS of Coffee (Optional)

Ignore all of rule 2.4 at a cost of 10 VPs to the Union player. All units are fully Alert at start.

3.0 Confederate Special Rules

3.1 Corps Commander Seniority

If Johnston is killed or wounded, command of the Army of Mississippi is determined in the following order: 1) Beauregard, 2) Bragg, 3) Polk, 4) Van Dorn, 5) Hardee, 6) Breckinridge.

3.2 Looting

The encamped Union units represent a prime target, but it is one with an extra cost. Before beginning the resolution of any Fire or Close Combat on an Encamped Union unit, each attacking Confederate Infantry Brigade must make a Straggler Check (1/2 to 1 table) separately. These Straggler Checks must be made before resolving the Fire or Close Combat and occur each time an encamped Union unit is attacked. Once Alert, a Union unit no longer gives this effect.

3.3 Army Supply

There is no Army Supply train for the Confederates. The various Corps Supply Wagons can supply any Confederate unit, but cannot be refilled. Confederate artillery trace requirements are met by tracing off the map via Entry Hex B.

3.4 Independent Units

The Maney, A-Cav, C-Cav, F-Cav, and W-Cav units are fully independent units. They do not need to be within any Command Radius and have no division commander over them. This is not true for the cavalry unit assigned to the Confederate 1st Corps—namely Cav-1—which must remain within its corps Command Radius.

3.4 vD Corps (The Army of the West) (Optional)

Despite its title, the "Army of the West" is actually a corps-sized formation. It is organized here as the "vD" Corps after its commander, Van Dorn. There are two organizations available to the Confederate Player: one for before the Battle of Pea Ridge, and one for after it. The Confederate Player can choose which he will use. The units available to each are given on the Confederate Loss Charts. Use of the Army of the West costs 2 VPs for use of the Post-Pea Ridge organization and 5 VPs for use of the Pre-Pea Ridge organization.

Regardless of the organization selected, place all of vD Corps at or within 3 hexes of 4.30 in any scenario which starts at 6:30am, 6 April with any orders the Confederate player desires.

3.5 A.S. Johnston (Optional)

Allow Johnston to form a "mini-division" and command all troops at or within 4 MPs of his location (regardless of actual command). Johnston becomes the division commander for this ad hoc organization and can command these units as if he (and they) were 1) his division and 2) as independents (i.e. not requiring orders to function). This allows the units to move beyond the Command Radius of their original organizations and function under Johnston without orders of any kind. Furthermore, all units in Johnston's "Command" benefit as if each stack had Johnston in it personally (his morale benefit applies to each stack) BUT Johnston is also subject to leader loss rolls applied to each and every stack under his command. For instance, if Johnston commands three stacks which are fired upon in a turn, leader loss rolls from all three would be made to see if Johnston is hit.

It is the Confederate player's responsibility to record which units are assigned to Johnston's command and that organization can only be changed during the Confederate Command Phase. This option costs the Confederate player 3 VPs.

For purposes of the special rules in scenario 5.2, if this option is used, all units in Johnston's "division" can be initiated by his one die roll and can function as if he began the phase stacked with each one.

4.0 Victory Conditions

At Shiloh, the Confederates sought to regain the initiative in the West by destroying the Union Army of the Tennessee before the Army of the Ohio could join it and march on the Confederate base at Corinth, Mississippi. In the game, victory will be determined by which army inflicts the most damage on the other.

4.1 Victory Points Awarded for Wrecked Brigades

Award the following at the end of play: for each Wrecked Brigade (counting casualties and stragglers): 1 VP.

4.2 Victory Points Awarded for Geographic Objectives

These points are awarded at the conclusion of each day of fighting: Midnight, or the last turn of the scenario if it ends before Midnight. The values and locations are marked on the map.

4.3 Victory Points Awarded for Leaders

Each player is awarded the following for enemy leaders his army has killed or wounded by the end of play. Victory Points equals the total of the rank stars and ratings of all Killed and Wounded enemy leaders.

For instance, the Confederate player killed Grant, Hurlbut and Wood. He also wounded Sherman and Prentiss. This player would have been awarded 20 VPs.

4.4 Levels of Victory

Total Victory Points for each side. Then divide the Confederate total by the Union total to find the ratio and consult the chart below:

CSA Massive: 3 to 1 or higher
CSA Major: at least 2 to 1
CSA Minor: at least 1.5 to 1
Draw: between 1 to 1.5 and 1.5 to 1
USA Minor: at least 1 to 1.5
USA Major: at least 1 to 2
USA Massive: at least 1 to 3

5.0 Scenarios

5.1 April 6, 1862: The Tide Crests

General Information

First Turn: 6:30 AM, April 6th. Last Turn: 6:30 PM, April 6th. Total Game Length: 25 Turns. Set Up: The Union player sets up first.

Union Information

Set Up: Cav-1: 25.21. 1-1: 31.20 ex 32.19. 2-1: 27.21 ex 26.21. 3-1: 22.20 ex 21.20, 22.21. 1 Divb (4): 28.21. 1 Divb (3): 23.22. 1-2: 35.10. 2-2: 36.14. W-2: 36.12. C-2, M-2: 37.16. 3a-2: 37.12. 3b-2: 40.11. 2 Divb (3): 36.09. 2 Divb (3): 35.14. 1-4: 26.13. 2-4: 33.14. 3-4: 26.11. Cav-4: 22.12. 4 Divb (5), ATenn Supply: 26.12. 1-5, 5 Divb (2): 23.29 ex 23.28. 2-5: 17.11 ex 17.10, 16.11. 3-5, 5 Divb (4): 21.23 ex 21.24. A-5: 18.22. 4-5: 21.25. Cav-5: 23.24. Cav-6: 15.16. 1-6: 15.20 ex 16.20. Al-6: 14.17. Alb-6: 14.16. M-6: 12.22. 2-6, 6 Divb (4): 15.17. Ch-6, 2x ATennb (3), ATenn Supply: 33.07. 15 Mi-Ind: 33.06. ATenn Supply: 24.21.

Orders: M-6: Advance along the Reconnoitering Road to the southwest. Delay the Confederate Advance. 2-5: Upon being alerted, the unit is to defend the Hamburg-Savannah Road. C-2 and M-2: Upon being alerted, move to defend the Snake Creek Bridge (46.18). Ch-6: Move to join Division. A-5, M-6, Ch-6 are alerted, all other units are not alerted. All other on-map units begin the game with NO orders.

Confederate Information

Set Up: R-1-1, 1 Corpsb (4), Beauregard, AMiss HQ: 4.31. S-1-1: 4.30. J-2-1: 2.32. S-2-1, 1 Corpsb (4): 2.33. Cav-1: 3.32. 1 Corps Supply: 1.34. 1 Corps HQ: With any 1 Corps unit. G-1-2: 8.30. A-1-2, 2 Corpsb (5): 10.31 ex 9.31. P-1-2: 12.32 ex 11.32, 13.33. G-2-2: 4.25 ex 5.26. C-2-2: 2.27. J-2-2: 4.28 ex 3.28, 5.29. 2 Corps Supply, 2 Corpsb (5): 4.29. 2 Corps HQ: 6.29. S-H-3: 7.27 ex 6.26, 8.27. C-H-3, 3 Corpsb (5): 14.30 ex 15.31, 13.30. W-H-3, 3 Corpsb (3): 10.28 ex 9.28, 11.29. 3 Corps Supply: 7.29. Johnston, 3 Corps HQ: With any 3 Corps unit. C-Cav: 3.31.

Orders: 3 Corps: Attack to capture the Shiloh Church (21.24) and Review Field (vicinity of 22.19). 2-2: Advance and attack to capture the Peach Orchard (vicinity of 20.12). 1-2: Advance and attack to capture 24.16. 1 Corps: Advance along the Corinth-Pittsburg Road and attack to capture Cloud Field (vicinity of 26.12).

Victory

The Confederate player wins if he controls 9 points (Confederate VPs only) or more of Geographical VP hexes at the end of play as marked on the map.

5.2 The Hornets Nest

General Information

First Turn: 12:00 noon, April 6th. Last Turn: 6:30 PM, April 6th. Total Game Length: 14 Turns. Set Up: The Union player sets up first.

Special Rules

A) Confederate Confusion: For this scenario ignore the regular orders and Command Radius restrictions on the Confederate Army, instead use the following:

No unit (even those not usually requiring orders, like wagons, independent units or artillery) can move unless stacked with a leader from at the beginning of the Movement Phase. Leaders can affect any unit—from their own command or not. Leaders can move freely and do not have to roll for themselves as per the below. The normal stacking requirement for Divisional commanders is not in effect for this scenario.
Leaders can initiate the movement of units they begin stacked with, and then move elsewhere (so as to begin the next Movement Phase stacked with another stack) OR they can move along with the troops they initiate. Regardless, a leader can only make one stack move in a turn, multiple leaders in a hex have no additional effect, and (once initiated) units can move for the turn without having the leader go with them.
Initiated units can move and conduct Close Combat freely. All units can fire offensively and defensively, and attempt to recover stragglers, whether they are initiated or not.
To initiate a stack's movement, a leader must begin the Movement Phase in the stack's hex (see also optional rule 3.5) and a die roll (one die) must be made for the stack. The stack is initiated with a die roll equal to or less than the Leader's Rating. Only one attempt can be made per stack per turn and 0 rated leaders cannot make stacks move. Make separate die roll for initiation for each stack with a leader the player would like to move.

B) Losses: Each Brigade is listed with losses it might have as in: Brigade X 2(1). In this example, Brigade X has 2 casualties and 1 straggler. This formatting does not apply to artillery units.

Units which are "dead" (those not set up on the map or as reinforcements) cannot recover stragglers to rebuild during the period of the scenario.

Union Information

Set Up: 15 Mich: 33.07. 2x ATennb (2): 33.08. Grant, ATenn HQ: 33.10. ATenn Supply: 33.14. ATennb (3): 30.12. Sherman, 1-5 3(3), 5 Divb (2): 30.21. McClernand, 2-1 4(3): 28.20 ex 29.20. Cav-1 1(0): 28.19. 1 Divb: 30.18. 3b-2 3(3), 2 Divb (3): 24.16. 3a-2 3(4): 23.16. W.Wallace, 1-2 3(3): 22.15. W-2 1(0), 2 Divb (3): 21.15. Al-6 1(1): 21.14. Prentiss, T-6 2(1), 1-6 3(2): 20.14. Hurlbut, 3-4 2(3): 19.14 ex 18.13. Db (2): 18.13. 1-4 3(4): 18.12. ATennb (3): 20.12. 2-2 2(2): 20.11 ex 20.10. ATenn Supply: 22.12.

All other units are either reinforcements or permanently dead for the scenario.

The Army of Ohio Dice roll has not been successful as of the beginning of the scenario. Historically, it should occur at 4:30pm. Players can either roll each turn (as in the other scenarios) or use this historical turn of release as desired.

Orders: All on-map units begin the game with orders to defend in place.

Confederate Information

Set Up: W-Cav: 29.23. P-1-2 2(4): 27.22. Polk, J-2-1 3(3): 26.20. Ruggles, A-1-2 3(4): 26.21. K-R 1(0): 26.22. 3 Corps Supply, 3 Corps HQ: 24.21. R-1-1 2(3): 24.19. Hardee, C-H-3 7(5): 23.18. Clark, S-1-1 2(2): 22.18. 1 Corps HQ, 1 Corps Supply: 20.19. Cav-1 1(0): 20.18. Hindman, W-H-3 3(3): 20.17. S-H-3 3(3): 19.16. G-1-2 2(2): 18.16. Bragg, G-2-2 2(2): 18.14. Cheatham, S-2-1 2(3): 17.14. Breckinridge, S-R 1(1): 17.13. Johnston, B-R 1(1): 17.12. Withers, J-2-2 3(3): 17.11. C-2-2 2(4): 16.08. C-Cav 0(1): 15.07. R Divb (4): 15.15. 2 Corps HQ, 2 Corps Supply: 15.17. 2x R Divb (4): 14.17. 2 Corpsb (5): 13.18. 2 Corpsb (5): 4.18. 3 Corpsb (3): 21.24. S-2-1 5(4): 17.21. S-1-1 5(3): 24.27. R-1-1 6(3): 24.28. 1 Corpsb (4): 23.29. 3 Corps HQ, S-H-3 7(5): 20.24. C-H-3 10(6): 19.24. W-H-3 7(5): 19.25. Polk, 1 Corps HQ, 1 Corps Supply: 18.25. 47 Tn-1 2(1), Cav-1 1(0): 17.25. 3 Corpsb (5), 3 Corpsb (3): 16.25. 2x R Divb (4): 12.22. C-Cav 1(0): 7.19. A-Cav: 6.18.

Orders: No Confederate units have any orders.

Victory

The Union player wins if he controls three of the following hexes at the end of play, otherwise the Confederates win: 10.05, 18.05, 20.12, 24.21.

5.3 The Second Day

General Information

First Turn: 6:00 AM, April 7th. Last Turn: 6:00 PM, April 7th. Total Game Length: 25 Turns. Set Up: The Union player sets up first.

Special Rules

A) Confederate Confusion: For this scenario ignore the regular leader replacement rules for the Confederates. Any Confederate divisions which either begin the scenario without their leader or which lose one during play, do not replace the leader. For those divisions:

Select one of the brigades to be the Command Radius marker for the division. This can be changed at the beginning of any Confederate Command Phase.
The division can only move using divisional goals issued to it from its corps commander or the army commander. It accepts these orders with a nominal leader of 2.
The Confederate 3rd Corps begins without a corps leader. Its one division must get divisional goals from the army commander to function.

B) Losses: Each Brigade is listed with losses it might have as in: Brigade X 2(1). In this example, Brigade X has 2 casualties and 1 straggler. This formatting does not apply to artillery units.

Units which are "dead" (those not set up on the map or as reinforcements) cannot recover stragglers to rebuild during the period of the scenario.

Union Information

Set Up: 3-3: 39.16. L.Wallace, 2-3: 38.16. 1-3, 3 Divb (4): 37.15. Repl Leader (2-Tenn), 3a-2 7(6), 3b-2 5(6): 36.15. 2-2 6(5), ATennb (2): 35.15. Sherman, 1-5 6(0), 5 Divb (4): 35.14. ATenn Supply: 37.12. McClernand, 2-1 6(1), 1 Divb (3): 34.13. ATennb (3): 34.12. Grant, ATenn HQ, Buell, AOhio HQ, ATenn Supply: 34.10. 15 Mich (Ind), ATennb (2): 33.12. Hurlbut, Cav-4, 3-4 5(2): 33.11. 1-4 7(7): 33.10.

All Union units from this point belong to the Army of Ohio: 14-5: 32.10. Crittenden, 11-5, 5 Divb (3): 31.11. 19-4: 31.10. McCook, 4a-2, 2 Divb (2): 33.09. 5-2: 33.08. 6-2: 33.07. 14 Wi (Ind): 33.06. 4b-2: 34.07. 10-4: 31.08. Nelson, 22-4: 31.09.

Reinforcements: 1:00pm at Entry Area D: Wood, 21-6. 1:30pm at Entry Area D: 20-6.

Orders: All Army of the Ohio Units: Attack to force the Confederates back to the south. All other on-map units begin the game with NO orders.

Confederate Information

Set Up: W-Cav: 31.25. F-Cav: 8.05. C-2-2 4(4): 22.12. Withers, J-2-2 6(6): 16.11. Maney: 18.12. 2 Corpsb (5): 17.11. G-2-2 8(4): 17.12. S-R 8(5): 20.17. Breckinridge, K-R 8(4): 20.18. B-R 6(6): 21.19. G-1-2 4(2): 24.20. Ruggles, A-1-2 7(5): 24.21. P-1-2 4(3): 25.22. 2 Corpsb (5): 23.22. Beauregard, A Miss HQ: 15.18. Bragg, 2 Corps HQ, 2 Corps Supply: 16.19. J-2-1 8(5): 17.20. 3 Corpsb (5): 19.23. 1 Corpsb (4): 16.20. Beauregard, A Miss HQ: 16.19. 1 Corpsb (4): 15.19.

Orders: Not applicable, see scenario special rules above.

Victory

Apply 4.0 directly.

5.4 April 6-7, 1862: April's Harvest

General Information

First Turn: 6:30 AM, April 6th. Last Turn: 6:30 PM, April 7th. Total Game Length: 63 Turns. Set Up First: Union Player.

Union Information

Set Up: Cav-1: 25.21. 1-1: 31.20 ex 32.19. 2-1: 27.21 ex 26.21. 3-1: 22.20 ex 21.20, 22.21. 1 Divb (4): 28.21. 1 Divb (3): 23.22. 1-2: 35.10. 2-2: 36.14. W-2: 36.12. C-2, M-2: 37.16. 3a-2: 37.12. 3b-2: 40.11. 2 Divb (3): 36.09. 2 Divb (3): 35.14. 1-4: 26.13. 2-4: 33.14. 3-4: 26.11. Cav-4: 22.12. 4 Divb (5), ATenn Supply: 26.12. 1-5, 5 Divb (2): 23.29 ex 23.28. 2-5: 17.11 ex 17.10, 16.11. 3-5, 5 Divb (4): 21.23 ex 21.24. A-5: 18.22. 4-5: 21.25. This army's remaining setup, reinforcements, and orders are identical to Scenario 5.1 above.

Confederate Information

Victory

Apply 4.0 directly.

Historical Notes

The Confederate attack on the Union encampment at Pittsburg Landing was a very personal affair for General Albert Sidney Johnston. His appointment to command the Western Department in September 1861 met with widespread acclaim throughout the Confederacy, but after a series of setbacks during the winter, the press was howling for his dismissal. Only the personal confidence of President Davis allowed him a chance to redeem himself. At the beginning of the new year, the well-executed operations by U.S. Grant had breached Johnston's line by taking Forts Henry and Donelson. Following this loss, Jefferson Davis dispatched General P.G.T Beauregard—self proclaimed hero of Manassas—to assist Johnston. The two generals managed to get along.

While Grant's operations were under way, the Federal government prodded Buell's army to advance on Nashville. The Confederates abandoned that city and regrouped their forces at Corinth, Mississippi to prepare for a counterattack. The Union army, meanwhile, had ordered an encampment at Pittsburg Landing and Buell's army was ordered to Savannah (nine miles downstream from the landing).

The Rebel army reorganized into four corps (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and Reserve) and accepted many new reinforcements. Of the corps commanders only Bragg and Hardee had led men into battle before (as junior officers during the Mexican War), the remaining men were completely inexperienced. Upon hearing that Buell was to reinforce the army at Pittsburg Landing, Johnston declared his intention to strike before this occurred.

Muddy roads and poor traffic control prevented the Confederate army from entering its attack positions prior to April 5th. Beauregard felt this delay ruined whatever chance the attack had at obtaining surprise. He suggested the army return to Corinth. Johnston held firm in his conviction to attack the next morning. The Union command ignored all evidence to the contrary and allowed the Confederates the ability to concentrate 44,000 men within a mile and a half of the Union camps without being detected.

Scattered about the wooded plateau between the swollen Lick and Owl Creeks were the camps of five Union Divisions (39,830 men) with a sixth (7,564) encamped further north at Crump's Landing. At 0300 April 6, Colonel Everett Peabody (commander, 1st Brigade, Prentiss' Division) sent a recon party out to determine if recent Confederate activity heralded a Confederate attack. At 0455, this group came under fire near the southern end of Fraley's Field. The recon group fell back as the Rebel army began its general advance.

When Johnston heard these opening shots, he gave orders to the corps commanders to begin the advance. Unfortunately, he had entrusted Beauregard with arranging the tactical dispositions. Johnston's original plan placed Polk on the left, Bragg in the center, Hardee on the right and Breckinridge in reserve. The main effort was to be on the right—a drive along the river to take Pittsburg Landing an then force the Union army back against Owl Creek. Beauregard instead arranged each corps so that it was spread along the entire front and each would follow the one in front of it into the battle. The result was an almost immediate collapse of command control.

As the Confederates advanced, their divisions and brigades began to scatter without regard to higher command. Hardee's corps split in two. Hardee rode the battlefield with Johnston and left the attack to his bewildered subordinates. The same thing happened to the next corps in line, Bragg's.

The appearance of the Confederate army took the Federals by surprise, but the troops were quick to form up. By 0800, Wallace's 2nd Division was the only one that had not yet begun to move into defensive positions—shortly, even they would be deployed. When Grant (who spent the night in Savannah) heard the sound of the battle, he ordered Nelson's Division of Buell's army to march down the east bank of the Tennessee River to the battlefield. He then boarded a steamer and headed there himself. When Grant passed Crump's Landing, he paused to issue orders to Lew Wallace to march his division towards Pittsburg Landing. Grant arrived at Pittsburg Landing at 0930 and immediately went to locate Sherman. Sherman sent word back to Grant requesting reinforcements and stated he would hold on as long as possible. The disorganized Confederate assaults had been rebuffed twice, but they were forming up to try again.

While Sherman held Cleburne at bay, Prentiss's green division was being mauled by hard charging Rebs. Colonel Peabody was killed attempting to hold the line of his brigade's camps. His brigade disintegrated and only 300 men reformed further back in the Sunken Road to carry on the fight. Hard pressed Union units withdrew to reform in the Sunken Road.

It was now 0930 and the Union right began to be driven back. Sherman called for help which arrived from McClernand's Division. These men formed a cautious line from the west edge of Duncan Field to Crescent Field. Grant met Sherman while this line was forming. Sherman expressed his concerns about ammunition and was worried about the situation. Grant reassured him that it would be taken care of and that Lew Wallace's Division was on the way to bolster the right. Grant then rode off to check the rest of the army.

Meanwhile, Confederate junior officers were struggling to reform their men—many of whom had fallen out of ranks to loot Union camps. Johnston held a short conference attempting to redirect his confused divisions and corps. The disorganized Confederate army continued to push the Union line, but it lost much of its momentum due to confusion, casualties, and stragglers. The entire advance degenerated into individual brigade assaults where low ranking officers attempted to continue the attack even in the face of little or no guidance from above. This form of attack was decidedly the case near the Peach Orchard and Sunken Road positions—where, after a brief artillery bombardment, the Confederates launched a series of piecemeal assaults. It was in leading one of these assaults that Albert Sidney Johnson was struck behind the knee and slowly began to bleed to death. Confederate assaults continued and followed the path of least resistance around the Sunken Road (now the Hornet's Nest)—by 1730, the advancing Rebels had linked in back of that position and cut it off from the rest of the Union Army (which was falling back to Grant's final line near the landing). General Prentiss (in the Hornet's Nest pocket) raised the white flag and surrendered his division. Beauregard (now in charge of the army after Johnston's death) issued orders to halt the attack and that the victory was "complete."

Buell's Army of the Ohio began to arrive on the field in the early evening. Lew Wallace's much overdue division arrived at the same time. Sherman expressed his view of the day's battle to Grant, who rebuffed him by announcing that they would "lick' em tomorrow" and expressed his opinion that the battle would go to the side which seized the initiative in the morning.

The second day of the battle proved to be an anti-climax. The Union went over to the attack and pushed the Confederates from the hard-earned ground captured in the first day. That night, the Rebels withdrew toward Corinth.

The campaign to destroy the Union army had failed and the Army of Tennessee proceeded on its long road of missed opportunities which led to Kentucky in the fall, Murfreesboro in the winter, Chickamauga and Chattanooga the following year, and end up after the Atlanta campaign in the bloody field of Franklin. The remnants would then advance on Nashville in the winter of 1864 and be destroyed there. Shiloh was the first of many failures for this unlucky army—failures which occurred in the critical theater of the war.

Order of Battle

Union Forces

Army of the Tennessee

Command: US Grant, ATenn HQ, ATenn Supply (x3), 2x 3-Gun Point ATenn Artillery Batteries, 2x 2-Gun Point ATenn Artillery Batteries, 15 Michigan Inf Rgt

1st Division: McClernand, 1x 4-Gun Point 1 Div Artillery Battery, 1x 3-Gun Point 1 Div Artillery Battery, 1-1 Hare, 2-1 Marsh, 3-1 Raith, Cav-1 McCulough

2nd Division: W. Wallace, 2x 3-Gun Point 2 Div Artillery Batteries, 1-2 Tuttle, 2-2 McArthur, 3a-2 Sweeny, 3b-2 Sweeny, C-2 14 Mo Sharpshooters, M-2 81 Ohio, W-2 13 Mo

3rd Division: L. Wallace, 1x 4-Gun Point 3 Div Artillery Battery, 1-3 Smith, 2-3 Thayer, 3-3 Whittlesey

4th Division: Hurlbut, 1x 5-Gun Point 4 Div Artillery Battery, 1-4 Williams, 2-4 Veatch, 3-4 Lauman, Cav-4 Taylor

5th Division: Sherman, 1x 4-Gun Point 5 Div Artillery Battery, 1x 2-Gun Point 5 Div Artillery Battery, 1-5 McDowell, 2-5 Stuart, 3-5 Hildebrand, 4-5 Buckland, A-5 53 Ohio, Cav-5 Dickey

6th Division: Prentiss, 1x 4-Gun Point 6 Div Artillery Battery, 1-6 Peabody, 2-6 Miller, Al-6 16 Wisc, Alb-6 18 Wisc, Ch-6 16 Iowa, M-6 Moore, R-6 15 Iowa, T-6 23 Mo, Cav-6 Ingersoll, 15 Mi-Ind Oliver

Army of Ohio

Command: Buell, AOhio HQ, 14 Wisc Inf Rgt

2nd Division: McCook, 1x 2-Gun Point 2 Div Artillery Battery, 4a-2 Rousseau, 4b-2 King, 5-2 Kirk, 6-2 Gibson

4th Division: Nelson, 10-4 Ammen, 19-4 Hazen, 22-4 Bruce

5th Division: Crittenden, 1x 3-Gun Point 5 Div Artillery Battery, 11-5 Smith, 14-5 Boyle

6th Division: Wood, 20-6 Garfield, 21-6 Wagner, 14 Wi-Ind Wood

Confederate Forces

Department of the West: A.S. Johnston

Army of Mississippi

Command: Beauregard, AMiss HQ, Maney Inf Rgt, A-Cav Adams, C-Cav Clanton, F-Cav Forrest, W-Cav Wharton

1st Corps: Polk, 1 Corps HQ & Supply, 2x 4-Gun Point 1 Corps Artillery Batteries, 47 Tenn Inf Rgt, Cav-1 Cavalry

1st Division: Clark, R-1-1 Russell, S-1-1 Stewart

2nd Division: Cheatham, J-2-1 Johnson, S-2-1 Stephens

2nd Corps: Bragg, 2 Corps HQ & Supply, 2x 5-Gun Point 2 Corps Artillery Batteries

1st Division: Ruggles, A-1-2 Anderson, G-1-2 Gibson, P-1-2 Pond

2nd Division: Withers, C-2-2 Chalmers, G-2-2 Gladden, J-2-2 Jackson

3rd Corps: Hardee, 3 Corps HQ & Supply, 1x 5-Gun Point 3 Corps Artillery Battery, 1x 3-Gun Point 3 Corps Artillery Battery

Hindman's Division: Hindman, C-H-3 Cleburne, S-H-3 Shaver, W-H-3 Wood

Reserve Corps: Breckinridge, 3x 4-Gun Point R Div Artillery Batteries, B-R Bowen, K-R Kentucky, S-R Statham

Army of the West

Command: Van Dorn, vD HQ & Supply, 4x 5-Gun Point vD Artillery Batteries, 1x 4-Gun Point vD Artillery Batteries

McCulloch's Division: McCulloch, Ha-M-vD Herbert, Hb-M-vD Herbert, Ma-M-vD McIntosh, Mb-M-vD McIntosh

Price's Division: Price, 1Mo-P-vD 1 Missouri, 2Mo-P-vD 2 Missouri, 3Mo-P-vD 3 Missouri, G-P-vD Green, Gd-P-vD Mo State Guard, Gr-P-vD Greer, H-P-vD Hebert, L-P-vD Little, S-P-vD Steen

Orders of Arrival

Confederate Order of Arrival

Unit(s)	Time and Day	Entry Hex	Orders
Breckinridge, R Div (all)	6:30am, April 6	B	1
vD Corps (All, Optional)	8:00	B	1
W-Cav	11:00	A	1
A-Cav	1:00pm	C	1
F-Cav, Maney	2:00	C	1
47 Tn-1	6:00am, April 7	B	2

Orders: 1) Move to Army HQ. 2) Move to 1 Corps HQ.

Union Alert Schedule

6:30am: 1-6. 7:30am: Sherman, 1-5, 3-5, 4-5, 5 Div Arty, Prentiss, 2-6, Al-6, Cav-6, 6 Div Arty. 8:00am: 1 Div (All), 4 Div (All), 2-5, Cav-5. 8:30am: All remaining units.

Union Order of Arrival

Unit(s)	Time and Day	Entry Hex	Orders
T-6	7:30am, April 6	E	1
2x ATennb (2)	8:00	E	—
R-6	8:30	E	1
Grant, ATenn HQ	9:30	E	—
Gunboat USS Tyler	2:30pm	Available	—
Gunboat USS Lexington	5:00	Available	—
L. Wallace, 3 Div	7:00	F	3

Army of Ohio Arrivals

Unit(s)	Turns after Successful Roll	Entry Hex	Orders
Buell, AOhio HQ	0	E	—
Nelson, 22-4, 10-4	1	D	2
19-4	5	D	2
Crittenden, 11-5	6	E	1
14-5, 5 Divb (3)	7	E	1
14 Wi-Ind	8	E	1
McCook, 4a-2, 4b-2	14	E	1
5-2	15	E	1
6-2, 2 Divb (2)	26	E	1
Wood, 21-6	33	E	1
20-6	34	E	1

Orders: 1) Move anywhere within 5 hexes of Entry Hex E and await further orders. 2) Cross the river. Then follow order #1. 3) Move to within 5 of 46.18.

Dice	-3	-2 to -1	0 to 1	2 to 3	4 to 5	6 to 7	8+
2	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt
3	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D2
4	D2	D2	D2	D2	D1	A	A
5	D2	D2	D2	D2	A	A	A
6	D2	D2	D2	A	D1	D1	A
7	D2	D1	D1	D1	D1	D1	D1
8	D1	D1	D1	D1	D2	D1	D1
9	D2	D2	D1	D1	A	A	A
10	Dt	D2	D2	D2	D1	A	D1
11	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D1	D2	D2
12	Dt	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D2	D2

Dice	-3	-2 to -1	0 to 1	2 to 3	4 to 5	6 to 7	8+
2	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt
3	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D2
4	D2	D2	D2	D2	D1	A	A
5	D2	D2	D2	D2	A	A	A
6	D2	D2	D2	A	D1	D1	A
7	D2	D1	D1	D1	D1	D1	D1
8	D1	D1	D1	D1	D2	D1	D1
9	D2	D2	D1	D1	A	A	A
10	Dt	D2	D2	D2	D1	A	D1
11	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D1	D2	D2
12	Dt	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D2	D2

Dice	-3	-2 to -1	0 to 1	2 to 3	4 to 5	6 to 7	8+
2	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt
3	Dt	Dt	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D2
4	D2	D2	D2	D2	D1	A	A
5	D2	D2	D2	D2	A	A	A
6	D2	D2	D2	A	D1	D1	A
7	D2	D1	D1	D1	D1	D1	D1
8	D1	D1	D1	D1	D2	D1	D1
9	D2	D2	D1	D1	A	A	A
10	Dt	D2	D2	D2	D1	A	D1
11	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D1	D2	D2
12	Dt	Dt	Dt	D2	D2	D2	D2